Biblioteka Uniwersytecka

Acknowledgments . . ix

Introduction . . 1
Chapter 1 - Thought Enfleshed: Philosophy and Psychology as Figured in Latin Allegory . . 31
Chapter 2 - Allegorizing the Split Self: A Middle English Debate Between the Body and the Soul . . 70
Chapter 3 - "The Soul Is the Prison of the Body": Pedagogy, Punishment, and Self-Love in a Middle English Debate . . 105
Chapter 4 - Defending the Female Self: "Sawles Warde" and Sowlehele . . 139
Chapter 5 - Promising the Female, Delivering the Male: Transformations of Gender in Piers Plowman . . 168
Conclusion . . 197

Appendix: In a Thestri Stude I Stod (I Stood in a Dark Place) . . 203
Bibliography . . 207
Index . . 219

Preface . . vii
Abbreviations . . xv

1. The Epicurean Revival in Florence and Italy . . 1
2. Medicean Florence: Marsilio Ficino and Bartolomeo Scala . . 16
3. Republican Florence: The University Lectures of Marcello Adriani . . 42
4. Machiavelli and the Influence of Lucretius . . 68
5. Lucretian Networks in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries . . 88
Appendix: Notes on Machiavellf s Transcription of MS Vat. Rossi 884 . . 113

Select Bibliography . . 123
Index . . 129

Translator's Preface . . ix

I Galla . . 1
II Pampinea . . 8
III Faunus . . 15
IV Dorus . . 23
V The Falling Forest . . 33
VI Alcestus . . 39
VII The Quarrel . . 47
VIII Midas . . 55
IX Anxiety . . 64
X The Dark Valley . . 76
XI Pantheon . . 84
XII Saphos . . 95
XIII The Laurel Wreath . . 107
XIV Olympia . . 116
XV Phylostropos . . 128
XVI The Messenger . . 140

Preface . . xi

I Foundations . . 1

1 Introduction . . 3
1.1 Overview . . 4
1.2 History of Machine Translation . . 14
1.3 Applications . . 20
1.4 Available Resources . . 23
1.5 Summary . . 26

2 Words, Sentences, Corpora . . 33
2.1 Words . . 33
2.2 Sentences . . 45
2.3 Corpora . . 53
2.4 Summary . . 57

3 Probability Theory . . 63
3.1 Estimating Probability Distributions . . 63
3.2 Calculating Probability Distributions . . 67
3.3 Properties of Probability Distributions . . 71
3.4 Summary . . 75

II Core Methods . . 79

4 Word-Based Models . . 81
4.1 Machine Translation by Translating Words . . 81
4.2 Learning Lexical Translation Models . . 87
4.3 Ensuring Fluent Output . . 94
4.4 Higher IBM Models . . 96
4.5 Word Alignment . . 113
4.6 Summary . . 118

5 Phrase-Based Models . . 127
5.1 Standard Model . . 127
5.2 Learning a Phrase Translation Table . . 130
5.3 Extensions to the Translation Model . . 136
5.4 Extensions to the Reordering Model . . 142
5.5 EM Training of Phrase-Based Models . . 145
5.6 Summary . . 148

6 Decoding . . 155
6.1 Translation Process . . 156
6.2 Beam Search . . 158
6.3 Future Cost Estimation . . 167
6.4 Other Decoding Algorithms . . 172
6.5 Summary . . 176

7 Language Models . . 181
7.1 N-Gram Language Models . . 182
7.2 Count Smoothing . . 188
7.3 Interpolation and Back-off . . 196
7.4 Managing the Size of the Model . . 204
7.5 Summary . . 212

8 Evaluation . . 217
8.1 Manual Evaluation . . 218
8.2 Automatic Evaluation . . 222
8.3 Hypothesis Testing . . 232
8.4 Task-Oriented Evaluation . . 237
8.5 Summary . . 240

III Advanced Topics . . 247

9 Discriminative Training . . 249
9.1 Finding Candidate Translations . . 250
9.2 Principles of Discriminative Methods . . 255
9.3 Parameter Tuning . . 263
9.4 Large-Scale Discriminative Training . . 272
9.5 Posterior Methods and System Combination . . 278
9.6 Summary . . 283

10 Integrating Linguistic Information . . 289
10.1 Transliteration . . 291
10.2 Morphology . . 296
10.3 Syntactic Restructuring . . 302
10.4 Syntactic Features . . 310
10.5 Factored Translation Models . . 314
10.6 Summary . . 320

11 Tree-Based Models . . 331
11.1 Synchronous Grammars . . 331
11.2 Learning Synchronous Grammars . . 337
11.3 Decoding by Parsing . . 346
11.4 Summary . . 363

Bibliography . . 371
Author Index . . 416
Index . . 427

Introduction . . 3
The Greenroom . . 8
The Hunter and the Game . . 12
Hunting Instincts . . 17
The Lamppost and the Alley . . 24
The Fatal Spin . . 28
The Problem with "Training," or "Slaves of the Ant-God, Throog" . . 31
Emotion . . 38
The Map and the Territory . . 41
Theatrical Forms . . 45
Totalitarian Tendencies . . 50
Repression . . 58
Politically Correct . . 63
Great American Plays and Great American Poetry . . 70
The Bathing Machine . . 75
Stagecraft . . 81
Impertinence . . 88
The End of Adolescence . . 90
Subvention . . 95
Two Teachers . . 103
A Culture of Confession . . 108
Theatrical Culture . . 115
Third Parties . . 120
On the General Uselessness of the Rehearsal Process . . 128
The Fallacy of the Director . . 135
Directing for the Stage . . 144
Time . . 152
Acknowledgments . . 157

Acknowledgments . . vii
Preface . . ix

1 The Ancient Quarrel: Philosophy and Literature . . 1
2 Derrida, Hermeneutics and Deconstruction . . 26
3 Deleuze: Against Interpretation . . 56
4 Levinas and the Resistance to Reading . . 81
5 Zizek's Idiotic Enjoyment . . 108
6 Cavell and the Claim of Reading . . 135
7 Conclusion: In Praise of Overreading . . 164

Notes . . 189
Bibliography . . 200
Index . . 215

Contributors . . xix

Section One: Theoretical and Conceptual Foundations

Part I: Ethics Theory and Decision Making
Introduction . . 3
1. An Explanation and a Method for the Ethics of Journalism . . 9
2. Moral Development and Journalism . . 25

Part II: History and Justification
Introduction . . 35
3. Press Freedom and Responsibility . . 39
4. The Moral Justification for Journalism . . 53
5. The Search for Global Media Ethics . . 69

Part III: What Is Journalism? Who Is a Journalist?
Introduction . . 85
6. Why Journalism Is a Profession . . 91
7. Who Is a Journalist? . . 103
8. Norms and the Network: Journalistic Ethics in a Shared Media Space . . 117

Part IV: Objectivity
Introduction . . 131
9. Inventing Objectivity: New Philosophical Foundations . . 137
10. Is Objective News Possible? . . 153

Section Two: The Practice of Journalism

Part V: The Business of Journalism
Introduction . . 167
11. Journalism's Tangled Web: Business, Ethics, and Professional Practice . . 171
12. The Decline of the News Business . . 185
13. Covering a World That's Falling Apart, When Yours Is Too . . 193

Part VI: Privacy
Introduction . . 197
14. The Ethics of Privacy . . 203
15. Understanding and Respecting Privacy . . 215

Part VII: Approaching the News: Reporters and Consumers
Introduction . . 231
16. Conflicting Loyalties and Personal Choices . . 237
17. A Robust Future for Conflict of Interest . . 249
18. Respecting Sources' Confidentiality: Critical but Not Absolute . . 271
19. The Ethical Obligations of News Consumers . . 283

Part VIII: Getting the Story
Introduction . . 297
20. The Ethos of "Getting the Story" . . 301
21. Mitigation Watchdogs: The Ethical Foundation for a Journalist's Role . . 311

Part IX: Image Ethics
Introduction . . 325
22. Visual Ethics: An Integrative Approach to Ethical Practice in Visual Journalism . . 331
23. Ethics and Images: Five Major Concerns . . 351

Index . . 359

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . viii
INTRODUCTION . . ix
Genre . . ix
Authorship . . x
Artistic Achievement . . xvi
Sources and Influences . . xxiv
Editorial Policy . . xxx
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY . . xxxiii

FIERABRAS AND FLORIPAS
Prologue . . 1
The First Geste: Vanity. Tells of the Destruction of Rome . . 5
The Second Geste: Submission. Tells of the Duel between Fierabras and Oliver . . 45
The Third Geste: Desires. Tells of Strain and Striving . . 91
The Fourth Geste: Deserts. Tells of Pain and Thriving . . 161

GLOSSARY . . 223
APPENDIX I: Extracts from the French Original . . 225
APPENDIX II: Fierabras ex Libris . . 245

ILLUSTRATIONS . . 9
CONTRIBUTORS . . 15
INTRODUCTION . . 19

I. FAITH AND FANTASY IN WRITTEN TEXTS AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICES
1 Transformative Imagery in Dante: Inferno XXV and Purgatorio XXV . . 29
2 Le Miroir de I'ame pecheresse, poesie spirituelle et rhetorique. Exemplum et imaginaire: moteurs de cheminement de foi . . 43
3 Faith, Power, and the Imagined Christian Community: A Dialogue Between Erasmus and Tyndale . . 57
4 Imagination as Exegesis in the Apocalypsis nova Attributed to Blessed Amadeus da Silva . . 71
5 The Imaginative Creation of a Builder Patron Saint: The Venetian 'Rediscovery' of Magnus . . 85
6 The Intercession of Polish Saints in Old Polish Sermons of the First Half of the Seventeenth Century . . 111
7 Friulian Incantations From Inquisition Trials of the Seventeenth Century . . 123
8 Talking to the Devil in the Early Modern Popular Imagination . . 135
9 La Cloture dans le Monde: Enclosure and the Religious Imagination in Histoire de I'ordre des Religieuses Filles de Notre-Dame . . 147
10 An Italian Jesuit in Canada: Faith and Imagination in Bressani's Breve Relatione of 1653 . . 161

II. FAITH AND FANTASY IN ART
11 Faith and Vision in Leon Battista Alberti and Nicholas Cusanus: Reality and Rhetoric in Sacred Space . . 173
12 Sainte Anne en Immaculee Conception dans un vitrail de 1'Arbre de Jesse (Apt,Vaucluse): L'invention d'une image, 1501 . . 191
13 Faith, Paragone, and Commemoration in Durer's 'Christomorphic' Self-Portrait of 1500 . . 209
14 Rembrandt's Ten Commandments: Pluralism and the Religious Imagination . . 229
15 The Column of Predestination: Some Remarks on Invention in Protestant Reformed Imagery . . 247
16 Hugo van der Goes's Portinari Altarpiece and the Heart of Devotion . . 269
17 The Jerusalem Temple: Rembrandt's Faith and Fantasy . . 291
18 Preservation as Transcendent Vision: Antonio Duca and Santa Maria degli Angeli . . 315
19 "The Difference of Our Spirit": Michael Radford Reconfigures Jewish-Christian Encounters in his Film of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice . . 331

INDEX . . 347

Editor's Foreword . . vii
Acronyms and Abbreviations . . ix
Chronology . . xi
Introduction . . xxxiii

The Dictionary . . 1

Bibliography . . 325
About the Author . . 431