Biblioteka Uniwersytecka

Verzeichnis der Abbildungen . . 7
Verzeichnis der Tabellen . . 8
Verzeichnis der Karten . . 9
Verzeichnis der Photographien . . 9
Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen . . 10

1 Einleitung . . 15
1.1 Thematische Einführung . . 16
1.2 Zielsetzung und Fragestellungen . . 17
1.3 Gliederung und Methodik . . 18

2 Naturräumliche Einordnung . . 21

3 Demographische Situation - Die durch Migrationsströme gezeichnete Bevölkerungsdynamik . . 23

4 Der urbane Wirtschaftsraum - Funktionsballung und Funktionsteilung . . 26
4.1 Planung und Aufbau neuer Stadtsubzentren in den New Territorie . . 29
4.2 Der Ausbau der Verkehrsinfrastruktur . . 30

5 Der Entwicklungsverlauf von Hong Kongs wirtschaftsstrategischer Positionierung . . 35
5.1 Die Entrepot-Funktion (1843-1941) - Die Entwicklung unter britischem Kolonialeinfluss . . 36
5.2 Die japanische Besetzung (1941-1945) - Die Wirtschaftsströme versieger . . 40
5.3 Die Dominanz der Industriewirtschaft (1945-1976) - Die Neuordnung der Wirtschaftsstrukturen . . 41
5.4 Die Transformation der Wirtschaft (1976-1984) -Sektoraler Strukturwandel . . 45
5.5 Die Intensivierung der raumnahen Verflechtung (seit 1984) - Die grenzüberschreitende Integration von Produktionsnetzwerken . . 48
5.6 Die Suche nach einer nachhaltigen strategischen Positionierungsnische . . 62
5.7 'Special Administrative Region' unter chinesischer Souveränität (seit 1997) - Wirtschaftliche Turbulenzen und politische Weichenstellungen . . 74

6 Hong Kongs digitale Positionierung - Die Schaffung eines Fundaments für nachhaltige Entwicklung . . 77
6.1 Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie-lnnovationen im Fokus . . 81
6.2 Wirkungsmuster der Innovationspolitik - Strategische Instrumente und Initiativen . . 107
6.3 Die Nutzung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien . . 142

7 Die Standortqualität Hong Kongs - Die Dynamik der internationalen Raumwirksamkeit . . 160
7.1 Internationale Verflechtung . . 166
7.2 Die aktuelle wirtschaftliche Entwicklung-Zwischen Krise und Boom . . 169

8 Die wirtschaftspolitischen Entwicklungsvisionen von Hong Kong . . 172
8.1 'Asia's World City' - Die inszenierte Marke als Magnet . . 174
8.2 'Global City' - Zentrale Funktionsrolle im globalen Städtenetz . . 179
8.3 'Knowledge-based Economy' - Die Entwicklungskraft von Wissen und Kreativität . . 185
8.4 'Innovation Hub' - Die wirtschaftliche Macht von Innovationsimpulsen . . 190
8.5 'Crowd City' - Die partizipative Stadt der Informationsgesellschaft . . 194

9 Kritische Aspekte der Entwicklung . . 205
9.1 Gesellschaftpolitische Disparitäten . . 208
9.2 HongKong als Modell? . . 216

10 Abschließende Bewertung . . 222

Literaturverzeichnis . . 225

Introduzione. L'eredità del Vaticano II . . VII

I. Il Concilio Vaticano II: memoria per il futuro . . 3
II. Un Concilio per le nuove generazioni. Mentalità, soggetti e tempo di un percorso laborioso . . 17
III. Il Vaticano II, riferimento per la 'nuova evangelizzazione' . . 37
IV. Un Concilio per il XXI secolo. Il Vaticano II, ieri e domani . . 53
V. Il Vaticano II come stile . . 67
VI. Sull'interpretaùone del Vaticano IL L'ermeneutica della riforma, compito per la teologia . . 91
VII. Il Concilio Vaticano n 'm dibattito ' . . 115
VIII. L'ermeneutica del Concilio: le implicazioni di un nuovo stile . . 139

Note . . 149
Nota bibliografica . . 175

Table of Cases . . ix
Table of Legislation . . xv
Introduction . . 1

1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE US CONSTITUTION . . 9
From the Revolution to the Bill of Rights . . 9
The Early National Period . . 18
The Crisis over Slavery and the Civil War . . 21
The Late Nineteenth Century and the Growth of the Modern State . . 24
The New Deal Crisis and the New Constitutional Regime . . 28
From the Reagan Revolution to the Present . . 35
Conclusion . . 39

2 THE CONSTITUTIONAL POLITICS OF THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH . . 43
Congress: Its Basic Structure and Roles . . 43
The American Party System . . 48
Political Parties and the Written Constitution . . 55
Conduct of Elections . . 58
Legislative Districting and Gerrymandering . . 61
Candidate Selection and Gerrymandering . . 64
Campaign Financing . . 65
Constitutional Politics within Congress . . 69
Conclusion . . 77

3 THE CONSTITUTIONAL POLITICS OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH . . 79
The President as Party Leader . . 82
The President's Role in Legislation . . 91
The Unitary Executive and the Modern Administrative State . . 96
The Unitary Executive in Foreign Affairs . . 109
Conclusion . . 120

4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL POLITICS OF THE JUDICIAL BRANCH . . 123
Judicial Selection . . 125
Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy . . 134
Political Constraints on the Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts . . 140
Doctrinal Constraints on the Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts . . 147
Standing . . 153
Conclusion . . 157

5 FEDERALISM AND THE REACH OF NATIONAL POWER . . 159
State Governments and the US Constitution . . 160
The Emergence of Plenary National Power . . 162
The So-Called 'Federalism Revolution' of the 1990s . . 169
Federalism and the Spending Power . . 179
Conclusion . . 181

6 INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION . . 187
The Starting Point . . 189
Pragmatic and Realist Critiques . . 197
The New Deal Reconstruction . . 203
The Emergence of Modern Liberalism: Autonomy and Accommodation . . 209
Lawyers and Rights Litigation: The Development of Support Structures . . 222
Political Parties and Social Movements . . 227
Constitutional Rights at Century's End . . 233

7 THE PROCESSES OF CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE . . 237
Formal Amendments . . 237
Substance . . 239
Constitutional Interpretation as a Mechanism of Constitutional Change . . 242
Interpretive Methods: an Introduction . . 244
Conclusion . . 270

Constitutional Moments and Constitutional Change . . 271
Constitutional Moments . . 271
Concluding Thoughts . . 277
Index . . 281

Constitutional Systems of the World: Series Editors' Preface . . v
Preface . . vii
Table of Cases . . xv
Table of Legislation . . xix

1 UK CONSTITUTION: Context and History . . 1

PART I: CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT . . 1
Introduction . .  1
What is Liberal Democracy? . . 2
Freedom of Expression, and the Broadcasting and Print Media . . 3
The UK Constitution, Constitutionalism, and Good Governance . . 6

PART II: HISTORY
The Importance of History . . 8
Qualifying Absolute Monarchy . . 9
The Emergence of Parliament and the Path to Democracy . . 12
Defining the Nation: What is the United Kingdom? . . 13
Empire, Commonwealth, and Europe . . 15
Conclusion . . 16
Further Reading . . 17

2 THE SOURCES OF THE CONSTITUTION . . 19
Introduction . . 19

PART I: SOURCES OF THE CONSTITUTION . . 20
Statute Law . . 20
The Common Law . . 21
European Union Law . . 22
European Convention on Human Rights . . 22
Legal Treatises . . 23
The Law and Customs of Parliament . . 24
The Royal Prerogative . . 24

PART II: CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS . . 24
Defining Conventions . . 25
The Practical Importance of Constitutional Conventions . . 28
Condusion . . 32
Further Reading . . 33

3 CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES . . 35
Introduction . . 35
Parliamentary Sovereignty . . 37
The Rule of Law . . 48
Separation of Powers . . 53
Conclusion: Redefinitions of Power . . 61
Further Reading . . 63

4 THE CROWN AND THE CONSTITUTION . . 65
Introduction . . 65
What is the Royal Prerogative? . . 67
The Constitutional Role of the Monarch . . 70
Does the Monarch Retain Real Power? . . 73
What is the 'Crown? . . 74
Public Interest Immunity . . 75
Liability of the Crown in Tort and Contract . . 76
Evaluation: Reform or Abolition? . . 77
Conclusion . . 78
Further Reading . . 79

5 PARLIAMENT . . 81
Introduction . . 81

PART I: ELECTIONS AND THE HOUSE OF COMMONS . . 82
The Electoral System . . 83
'First Past the Post' or Proportional Representation? . . 85
Electronic Voting . . 85
The House of Commons and the Formation of a Government . . 86

PART II: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS . . 87
The House of Commons and the Role of MPs . . 87
The Speaker . . 89
Parliamentary Standards and Conduct of MPs . . 92

PART III: THE HOUSE OF LORDS . . 93
Introduction and History . . 93
Composition of the House of Lords . . 95
House of Lords: What Next? . . 97

PART IV: PARLIAMENT AS LEGISLATOR . . 99
Public Bills . . 100
Private Members' Bills and Private Bills . . 104
Parliamentary Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation . . 104

PART V: PARLIAMENT AS WATCHDOG . . 105
Parliamentary Questions . . 105
Departmental Select Committees . . 106
Public Accounts Committee and National Audit Office . . 110
The Parliamentary Ombudsman . . 113
Conclusion . . 113
Further Reading . . 115

6 GOVERNMENT AND EXECUTIVE . . 117
Introduction . . 117
The Prime Minister . . 118
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet . . 119
The Prime Minister: Policy Formation and Implementation . . 122
Prime Minister's Press Office and Government 'Spin' . . 125
Shaping Government Departments . . 126
Political Accountability and Individual Ministerial Responsibility . . 128
Ministerial Responsibility: Answerability or Resignation . . 129
The Scott Report . . 130
Ministerial Responsibility and the Press . . 131
The Civil Service . . 132
New Public Management and Executive Accountability . . 134
A Civil Service Act for the United Kingdom . . 137
Government Openness and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 . . 138
E-government Revolution . . 140
Conclusion . . 142
Further Reading . . 143
Websites . . 144

7 THE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF THE COURTS . . 145

PART I: SURVEYING THE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF THE COURTS . . 145
Introduction . . 145
Common Law and Statutory Interpretation . . 146
Reforming the Office of Lord Chancellor . . 149
Appointing and Dismissingjudges . . 151
A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom . . 154

PART II: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND JUDICIAL REVIEW . . 155
Introduction to Administrative Law . . 155
Red Light and Green Light Theory . . 157
The Impact of Judicial Review . . 161
Distinguishing Public Law from Private Law . . 162
The Requirements of Standing . . 164
Grounds of Judicial Review . . 165
The Question of Merits . . 167
Judicial Review Cases . . 168

PART III: THE COURTS AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 . . 170
Vertical or Horizontal Effect . . 172
Proportionality Review . . 174
The Proflife Alliance Case . . 176
The Belmarsh Detainees Case . . 177
The Denbigh High School Case . . 180
Assessing the Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 . . 181
Conclusion . . 182
Further Reading . . 182

8 DEVOLUTION, REGIONAL GOVERNMENT, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT . . 185
Introduction . . 185

PART I: DEVOLUTION . . 187
Background to Devolution . . 187
Scottish Devolution . . 189
Welsh Devolution . . 192
Power-sharing in Northern Ireland . . 195
Funding Devolution . . 197
Intergovernmental Relations . . 198
The Politics of Devolved Government . . 199
Relations with Europe . . 201
Devolution and the Courts . . 202

PART II: DEVOLUTION AND ENGLAND . . 205
The West Lothian Question . . 206
English Regional Government . . 207
An English Parliament? . . 209

PART III: LOCAL GOVERNMENT . . 210
Introduction to Local Government in the United Kingdom . . 210
Mayor and Assembly for London . . 211
The Framework of Local Government . . 212
The Financing of Local Government . . 214
From Compulsory Competitive Tendering to Best Value . . 215
The Local Government Act 2000 . . 216
Accountability Mechanisms . . 217
Conclusion . . 218
Further Reading . . 220
Websites . . 221

9 CONCLUSION: THE UK CONSTITUTION FACING THE FUTURE . . 223
(1) A Written Constitution or a Legal Constitution? . . 223
(2) The EU, the European Constitution, and the UK Constitution . . 226

Index . . 229

FOREWORD BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS . . 15
FOREWORD BY THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS . . 17
INTRODUCTION . . 20

CYPRUS
THE HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK . . 25

AUSTRIA
THE LONG-STANDING RELATIONS BETWEEN CYPRUS AND AUSTRIA . . 47
THE AUSTRIAN CONTINGENT: TRIBUTE TO PEACE . . 70
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AND BILATERAL VISITS . . 74
VIENNA . . 85

BELGIUM
BELGIUM-CYPRUS: DEEP-ROOTED RELATIONS OF COOPERATION . . 89

BULGARIA
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN CYPRUS AND BULGARIA THROUGH THE CENTURIES . . 105
LITERARY TRAILS: BULGARIA IN CYPRUS AND CYPRUS IN BULGARIA . . 126
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AND OFFICIAL VISITS . . 134
BULGARIA . . 146

CZECH REPUBLIC
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: A FRIENDSHIP THROUGHT DIFFICULT TIMES . . 151
CZECHOSLOVAKIA - CYPRUS OFFICIAL VISITS . . 163
THE PRAGUE SPRING IN CYPRIOT POETRY . . 168
CZECH REPUBLIC: CZECH TRAVELLERS IN RENAISSANCE CYPRUS . . 171
CYPRUS-CZECH REPUBLIC: DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AND OFFICIAL VISITS . . 174
PRAGUE. JULY 2 1968 . . 181

DENMARK
DENMARK-CYPRUS: WHEN THE VIKINGS MET APHRODITE . . 185

ESTONIA
CYPRUS - ESTONIA: ANCIENT, SMALL NATIONS IN A PARALLEL TRAJECTORY . . 207

FINLAND
CYPRUS - FINLAND: THE PEOPLE AT THE EDGE OF EASTERN EUROPE . . 225
SAKARI TUOMIOJA. SUOMALAINEN SOVITTELIJA . . 244
FINLAND 1962 249

FRANCE
FRANCE AND CYPRUS: FROM GREEK AND PHOENICIAN SETTLERS IN FRANCE, TO FRENCH TRAVELLERS IN CYPRUS . . 253
MEDIEVAL CYPRUS AND EUROPE, ELEVENTH-SIXTEENTH CENTURIES . . 261
CONSULAR AND DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF CYPRUS - FRANCE . . 279
ROGER MILLIEX AND CYPRUS . . 295
THE "PLEIADE" IN CYPRUS: FRENCH AUTHORS AND THE ISLAND OF APHRODITE . . 297
THE FOUNDING OF CYPROLOGICAL STUDIES BY FRENCH SCHOLARS DURING THE 19TH CENTURY . . 308
PARIS MUSEE DU LOUVRE . . 312
LA VILLE LUMIERE . . 315

GERMANY
GERMANY - CYPRUS: TWO COUNTRIES THAT HAVE EXPERIENCED DIVISION . . 319
CYPRUS, GERMANY AND ARCHAEOLOGY . . 347
MEMORY OF THE HALLOWED MARTYRED POETS FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE AND HOELDERLIN . . 357

GREECE
DISTINGUISHED CYPRIOTS IN GREECE . . 361
DETAILS ON CYPRUS . . 381

HUNGARY
HUNGARY - CYPRUS: FROM THE CRUSSADES TO THE EUROPEAN UNION . . 385
AUTUMN IN BUDAPEST . . 399

IRELAND
CYPRUS - IRELAND: SISTER ISLANDS, REVOLUTIONARY ISLANDS . . 403

ITALY
ITALY - CYPRUS . . 441
CYPRUS AND ITALY: THE MIDDLE AGES . . 475
ROME . . 489

LATVIA
LATVIA - CYPRUS: A NEWBORN FRIENDSHIP . . 493

LITHUANIA
LITHUANIA - CYPRUS: TWO SMALL STATES IN A GREAT EUROPEAN FAMILY . . 503

LUXEMBOURG
THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG AND CYPRUS . . 519

MALTA
MALTA - CYPRUS, THE HISTORICAL JOURNEY: FROM THE SWINGING
  SWORD OF THE KNIGHTS TO THE ROCKY SHORES OF APHRODITE . . 531
MALTA . . 549

NETHERLANDS
NETHERLANDS - CYPRUS: FROM THE TRAVELLERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE EUROPEAN UNION . . 553
DEN HAAG, JULY 7 . . 567

POLAND
POLAND - CYPRUS: FROM THE LAND OF CHOPIN TO THE ISLAND OF APHRODITE . . 571
THE GOLDEN AUTUMN OF WARSAW . . 587

PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL - CYPRUS: AT THE GATEWAYS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA . . 591
WHEN THE "LUSIADS" MET CYPRUS . . 599
THE SEAGULLS OF OPORTO . . 603

ROMANIA
FROM BUCHAREST TO THE MEDITERRANEAN: TWO-WAY ROUTES OVERTIME . . 607
THE CYPRIOT PRESENCE IN THE ROMANIAN AREA . . 625
ROMANIA . . 631

SLOVAKIA
SLOVAK CONTINGENT: AN 11-YEAR PRESENCE IN CYPRUS, IN THE SERVICE OF PEACE . . 635
CYPRUS - SLOVAK REPUBLIC: DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AND OFFICIAL VISITS . . 640

SLOVENIA
CYPRUS - SLOVENIA RELATIONS - A NEW STATE AND A NEW BLOSSOMING FRIENDSHIP . . 653

SPAIN
RELATIONS BETWEEN CYPRUS AND SPAIN . . 669
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES-FEDERICO GARCIA LORCA: TWO SPANISH HIDALGOS IN CYPRUS . . 696
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AND OFFICIAL VISITS . . 703
PARENTHESIS IN TOLEDO . . 715

SWEDEN
CYPRUS - SWEDEN . . 719
THE SWEDISH CONTINGENT IN UNFICYP: 29 YEARS IN THE SERVICE OF PEACE . . 754
STOCKHOLM APRIL 1998 . . 760

UNITED KINGDOM
BRITAIN AND CYPRUS: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW . . 765
BRITISH TRAVELLERS AND ARTISTS IN CYPRUS . . 790
HIGH COMMISSIONERS AND GOVERNORS OF CYPRUS (1878-1960) . . 797
BRITISH POLITICIANS ON CYPRUS . . 808
BRITISH CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF CYPRUS HISTORY . . 820
THE PRESENCE OF CYPRUS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE: FROM SHAKESPEARE TO DURRELL AND DU MAURIER . . 830
UNITED KINGDOM'S CONTRIBUTION TO PEACE IN CYPRUS . . 840
POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CYPRUS AND THE UNITED KINGDOM 1960-2012 . . 844

THE AUTHORS . . 857

Presentazione . . 7
Gli Ebrei e la storiografia giudaica nella Methodus di Jean Bodin . . 9
Il canone degli storici greci nella Methodus dì Jean Bodin . . 27
Il canone degli storici romani nella Methodus di Jean Bodin . . 49
Il canone degli storici tardoantichi nella Methodus di Jean Bodin . . 75
Popoli antichi e moderni nella Methodus di Jean Bodin . . 85
Storia e politica. Bodin e gli storici coevi nella Methodus . . 109
«De rebus singulis rectius judicare». Usi della storia, antropologia politica, formazione del funzionario nella Methodus di Jean Bodin . . 133

Bibliografia generale . . 173

Acknowledgements . . 9
Abbreviations . . 13

I REPRESENTATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FINNO-UGRIANS

1. Societies in transition . . 17

2. Traditions in a globalised world . . 19
Are traditions dying? . . 19
Tradition as a concept of introspective Western sociology . . 21
Locality, globalisation and identity-formation . . 22
Co-existence of divergent traditions . . 24

3. Belonging and neo-traditionalism . . 27
Ethnic self-awareness . . 27
The state, intellectuals and the construction of heritage . . 29
Finno-Ugric ethnicities in the making . . 31

4. Interest in Finno-Ugric peoples . . 34
Language, myths and folklore as "evidence of history" . . 34
The expeditions of Finns and Hungarians to their linguistic relatives in Russia . . 36
The aims of the Russian Academy of Sciences . . 39
The basic model of ethnographic field work in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . . 40
Field work after the collapse of the Soviet Union . . 42
From moments to understanding . . 43
Between cultures: dialogues, monologues and silences . . 46

II THE KHANTY: PRESERVING AND PERFORMING RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS

5. The land of the white crane . . 51
Behind the Urals . . 51
Worlds flowing into each other . . 52
Experience of locality: rivers and settlements like layers of an onion . . 54
The cross-draught in interethnic relations . . 57
Division of space and practices of avoidance . . 60
Gender: together but apart . . 65

6. Dual organisation, totemic ancestors and kin groups . . 68
Moś- and Por-people . . 68
The animal protector . . 73
L'aksas, reincarnation of a person . . 75
The kinship system . . 76

7. Discussions about myths and tales . . 78
Myths written in the heavens . . 78
Myths of Uralic hunting cultures . . 85
Mythic corpus . . 88
Myths of individuals and small communities . . 91

8. Living with spirits . . 112
Religious worlds of the Northern Khanty . . 112
The cosmos . . 115
The hierarchy of spirits . . 117
Guardian spirits of home and family . . 123
Feeding the spirits at home . . 129
Why worship spirits? . . 132

9. Holy groves and common rituals . . 134
The landscape of the spirits . . 134
Men's and women's holy groves . . 140
Offerings in holy groves . . 144
Common rites, different meanings . . 152

10. Paths of souls, villages of the dead . . 153
Concepts of souls . . 154
Burial rituals . . 156
Remembrance rituals in graveyards . . 167
The passages of souls and continuation of family . . 174

11. The reawakening of shamanic rituals . . 176
Did the Khanty have shamans? . . 176
The concept of shamanism . . 177
Shamans in Khanty society . . 179
The shamanic seance . . 181
Shamans are performing publicly again . . 185
Different interpretations: belief and entertainment . . 191

12. Religion, kin and environment . . 193
Hallmarks of Khanty religion . . 193
Unity of religion, kin and nature . .195
Religion and belonging . . 196

III THE KOMI: PROLIFERATING SINGING TRADITIONS

13. The singing culture of the Upper Vychegda Komi . . 201
Studying Komi singing . . 201
Did the Komi have a singing culture? . . 203
The Upper Vychegda Komi . . 206
Hunting artels as folklore arenas . . 208
Gender relations and songs . . 211
The fusion of singing traditions . . 217

14. Folklore, cultural institutions and festivals . . 218
Folklore as verbal peasant art . . 218
Drama circles and the growth of poetry . . 220
Strengthening the village culture . . 221
The Upper Vychegda collectives . . 222
A life as a cultural director . . 227
Women leaders . . 230

15. "Singing for myself and for my soul" . . 231
At Anna Ivanovna's . . 231
Polyphonic singing . . 232
Transmitting traditions . . 234
Performing traditions . . 235
Dressing up for performance . . 236
Being together . . 238
From politics to women's culture . . 242

16. Folk-editing and variation in songs . . 247
Programmes of folklore groups . . 247
Textualisation and variation of songs . . 250
Old Komi folk texts . . 253
Macaronic and Russian songs . . 266
Songs translated into Komi . . 268
Songs to the words of Komi poets . . 274
Folk variants of the poems of known writers . . 276
Creating the programme . . 282

17. A state project leads to multiple forms of tradition . . 285

IV COMPARISONS AND OBSERVATIONS

18. An Udmurt case: from sacrificial rituals to national festivals . . 291
Holy groves and social order . . 293
Visible and hidden: the battle of ideologies and religions . . 297
From secret ritual into national festival . . 300
Female agency and marked diversities . . 303
The role of intellectuals and the media . . 307
Construction of tradition and cultural identity . . 309

19. Traditions symbolising cultural distinction . . 311
Myths and rituals as political practice . . 311
The revival of nature religion . . 314
Reconstructing sacred histories . . 317
Performing ethnicity in festivals . . 317
Political and economic implications of neo-traditionalism . . 319

20. Dynamics of tradition among the Khanty, Komi and Udmurts . . 320

Bibliography . . 323
Khanty words . . 341
Transliteration of Komi . . 349
Index . . 351
Maps . . 362

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . 7

INTRODUCTION: 'NORDIC DEMOCRACY' IN A WORLD OF TENSIONS . . 9
'NORDIC DEMOCRACY' IN 1935 - On the Finnish and Swedish Rhetoric of Democracy . . 37
WHY 'NORDIC DEMOCRACY"? - The Scandinavian Value Nihilists and the Crisis of Democracy . . 83
SHARING VALUES AND SHAPING VALUES - Sweden, 'Nordic Democracy' and the American Crisis of Democracy . . 114
KEEPING UP THE MORALE - Constructions of 'Nordic Democracy' during World War II . . 141
REFORMISM AND 'NORDIC DEMOCRACY' - A Journey in Danish Political Thought . . 165
SCANDINAVIANS, NORDIC CO-OPERATION, AND 'NORDIC DEMOCRACY' . . 179
VISITING NORDIC MODERNITY AROUND 1900 - Spanish Images . . 194
THE LANGUAGE OF DEMOCRACY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY REFORMIST THOUGHT . . 208
FROM AGRARIAN REPUBLICANISM TO THE POLITICS OF NEUTRALITY - Urho Kekkonen and "Nordic Democracy' in Finnish Cold-War Politics . . 238
PARLIAMENTARIAN DEMOCRACY GOING GLOBAL - The Fading Nordic Model . . 262

CONTRIBUTORS . . 290
INDEX . . 292

FOREWORD . . 7
INTRODUCTION - REVITAL1SATION OF THE FINNIC MINORITY LANGUAGES . . 8
THE PLANNING OF THE NEW STANDARD LANGUAGES . . 27
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIATION AND STANDARDISATION IN THE CREATION OF A NEW STANDARD LANGUAGE . . 54
MODERNISATION AND SMALL LANGUAGES - FATAL LANGUAGE SOCIOLOGICAL DELAY? . . 74
WILL LANGUAGE NESTS CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF LANGUAGE SHIFTS? ON THE LANGUAGE NESTS OF INARI SAAMIS AND KARELIANS . . 95
PERSPECTIVES ON THE ATTITUDES OF MINORITY LANGUAGE SPEAKERS IN THE SWEDISH TORNE VALLEY AND VIENA KARELIA . . 119
WHILE THE WINGS GROW - FINNIC MINORITIES WRITING THEIR EXISTENCE ONTO THE WORLD MAP . . 147
SUBSTANCE THROUGH YOUR OWN LANGUAGE - THE MINORITY MEDIA CONNECT, STRENGTHEN AND INFORM . . 178
CONTRIBUTORS . . 203
INDEX . . 204

Bibliotheca academica in Turku 1640-1828 . . 7
Aboa literata . . 9
The Academy librarians . . 15
Porthan - cultural hero in eighteenth-century Finland . . 17
The fire ot Turku in 1827 . . 19

The Library of the Imperial Alexander University 1828-1905 . . 23
Finnish national literature . . 25
Under His Majesty the Emperor's special protection . . 29
The restorer of the Library: F. W. Pipping . . 33
New library methods: Karl Collan . . 33
The philosopher: Wilhelm Bolin . . 36
The Temple of Science - the buildings in Helsinki . . 38
The Reading Room and the Rotunda . . 41

The Helsinki University Library 1905-1980 . . 44
A national research library . . 45
The Library in two World Wars . . 51
Rebuilding between East and West . . 55
Bibliotheca renovata: from the 1950s to the 1970s . . 60
In the mass university: the Open Access Collection . . 62

The National Library and the Finnish library network 1980-2010 . . 65
Services for the country's library network . . 69
Innovations: Linnea and FinELib . . 70
The National Digital Library . . 72
Recessionary pressures . . 74
Facing the twenty-first century . . 77
Content provider and memory organisation . . 79
New services and new collections . . 81
The cultural environment: exhibitions and campaigns . . 85
Future options . . 87
Balancing the books . . 88

A survey of the collections and their history . . 91
The Slavonic Library- the Russian cultural heritage in Finland . . 91
The Adolf Erik Nordenskiold Library . . 100
The Monrepos Library . . 102

The collections of the National Library of Finland . . 107
Appendix . . 116
Information and further reading . . at end of volume