Biblioteka Uniwersytecka

PREFACE . . 8

The Grand Duchy of Finland . . 10

BIRTH IN A POSITIVE MOOD . . 10
Short war and long peace at Porvoo in 1809 . . 12
Administrative institutions are established . . 14
Finland's financial system finds form in Porvoo . . 18
European finances under reform in the push of Enlightenment . . 20
Porvoo in a European intellectual context . . 24
Traditions from Sweden . . 25
Finland's first heads of finance and leading civil servants . . 29  
The machinery . . 32
The machinery at work . . 35
The budgeting and accounting system . . 38

NICHOLAS I STALLS THE REFORMS . . 40
Leading personnel and administrative structures . . 42
Financial system and taxation . . 46

ALEXANDER II OPENS WINDOWS TO REFORMS . . 40
Economic development and economic policies . . 51
Political leadership of finances . . 55
Monetary reforms . . 56
Budgetary reforms . . 58
Reforms in financial administration . . 65

POLITICAL REACTION AND ECONOMIC VITALITY . . 68
Political backlash . . 71
Liberal economic reforms continue . . 72
New winds in nominations . . 74
Minor reforms in budgeting and taxation . . 76
Finance and economic policies are separated into different departments . . 80

FINANCES IN STATE-BUILDING AND NATION-BUILDING . . 83

Independent Finland . . 89

EARLY YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE 1917-1939 . . 89
Independence, suddenly . . 92
Principles of governance are defined . . 95
Economy recovers amid political crisis and international economic depressions . . 99
Brevity and turbulence in political leadership . . 103
Money and monetary policy dominates the economy and economic policies . . 106
Planning boards and committees . . 108
Incremental reforms in the financial management system . . 110
Structure and functions of the Ministry . . 114

NEW START DURING THE WAR . . 116
Centralization of power . . 118
Controlled war economy . . 122
Economic planning, a new task for the Ministry of Finance . . 124
More control to budgetary appropriations . . 128
Need for rationalization of administration . . 130
Structural reform of the Ministry . . 131

GROWING EMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL MATTERS . . 133
Politics takes a left turn . . 136
Short-lived governments and political turmoil . . 138
Discontinuity in the political leadership of the Ministry . . 140
From rationing to regulation of the economy and towards ever deeper economic integration . . 141
Towards rational economic policies and planning . . 146
Post-war economic planning . . 148
Control of expenditure dominates budgetary policies and reforms . . 153
From rationalization towards administrative modernization . . 160
Slow reforms inside the Ministry of Finance . . 163
 Top management 163
 Personnel . . 165
A way towards a general coordinator of the government . . 166

General Coordinator of the Public Sector . . 168

Towards stable political leadership . . 171
Firm management team at the top . . 176
Growth-oriented economic policies . . 178
Birth of a new welfare state . . 181
Planning becomes the magic word . . 185
Reforming the financial management system . . 187
 Annual budgeting . . 188
 Medium-term planning . . 189
 ex ante finance control . . 190
From rationalization to steering of administrative modernization . . 191
 Personnel policies . . 194
Reforming the Ministry to support its growing responsibilities . . 195

From Management of Depression to National European Economic Policy Coordination . . 197
Continuity in governments in spite of changing political constellations . . 199
Minister of Finance becomes Number Two in the Government . . 200
From closed economy to open markets and market liberalization . . 205
The 1980s and new economic doctrines . . 206
Profound financial management reforms . . 213
 Reforms start from constitution and legislation... . . 214
 ...continue in annual budgeting and medium-term frame budgeting... . . 214
 ...adaptation of performance management... . . 217
 ...use of market mechanisms... . . 218
 ...and reforms in the system of local government financing . . 220
From traditional public administration to new public management . . 221
 Personnel policies . . 224
Internal structural turmoil in the Ministry of Finance . . 225

The Many Roles of the Ministry . . 229

Notes . . 234
Bibliography . . 240
Index . . 249
Appendix 1. Heads of the Departments . . 252
Appendix 2. Ministers of Finance . . 254
Illustrations . . 262

PREFACE . . 9
INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR . . 13
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA . . 15

THE SELKUP PEOPLE . . 19
Dialects of the Selkup Language . . 19
The Southern (Narym) Selkups . . 20
The Northern (Taz-Turukhan) Selkups . . 27

THE LITERATURE AND THE SOURCES OF SELKUP MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE . . 38
The History of Collection and Research . . 38
  The History of the Study of Southern Selkup Folklore . . 38
  The History of the Collection of Northern Selkup Folklore and Mythology . . 43
  The Foreign Publication of Selkup Folklore Material . . 48
The Genre Classification of Selkup Texts . . 50

THE TRADITIONAL WORLD-VIEW AND RELIGIOUS AND MYTHOLOGICAL NOTIONS . . 54
The Southern Selkups . . 54
  Cosmogonic Myths . . 54
  Myths about the Creation of the World . . 55
  Anthropogenic and Ethnogonic Myths . . 56
  The Structure of the Universe . . 58
  Notions of the Soul . . 62
  Shamanism . . 65
The Northern Selkups . . 68
  Myths about the Origin of the World . . 69
  Anthropogenic Myths . . 72
  Ethnogonic Myths . . 73
  Mythological Notions about Animals . . 74
  Myths about the Origin of Vegetation and Geographical Objects . . 77
  The Modern Attitude of the Selkups to the Traditional Beliefs . . 78

ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SELKUP MYTHOLOGY A-Z . . 83

APPENDIX 1
Southern Selkup Texts . . 269
Northern Selkup Texts . . 272

APPENDIX 2
The Archive of L. A. Varkovitskaya . . 277

ABBREVIATIONS . . 281
REFERENCES . . 283
INDEX . . 293
Selkup-English Glossary and Index . . 293
English-Selkup Glossary and Index . . 306
Siberian Dialect and Other Russian Terms . . 320

Prefazione . . XI
Introduzione . . XV
Abbreviazioni delle opere di Rosmini . . XXIII

PARTE PRIMA: Rosmini: l'antropologia dell'essere morale tra sapere filosofìco e sapere teologico

I. Status quaestionis: la quarta fase. Teologia, metafisica, ontologia, fenomenologia ed ermeneutica . . 3
1. L'antropologia di Rosmini: il punto di vista della quarta fase . . 4
1.1. Elementi teologico-filosofici per decifrare in modo ermeneuticamente compiutO l'antropologia rosminiana . . 15
1.2. L'idea dell'essere: tra ontologia e gnoseologia . . 17
2. Il «Trattato della coscienza morale» . . 19
2.1. L'affezione e il giudizio della coscienza . . 24
2.2. La nostra prospettiva ermeneutica e l'originalità della coscienza in Rosmini: giudizio speculativo di un giudizio pratico . . 29
3. La «Teosofia» . . 40
3.1. Approccio alla «Teosofia»: l'essere reale . . 43
3.2. L'affezione, l'atto del giudizio e l'inoggettivazione . . 47
Tavola sinottica 1 . . 51
Tavola sinottica 2 . . 52
Tavola sinottica 3 . . 54

II Ricostruzione e rielaborazione del percorso rosminiano . . 55
1. Filosofia e pedagogia: rapporto originario co-implicante la genesi di un'epistemologia implicita del nesso tra scienze umane e filosoh'co-teologiche . . 61
1.1. L'organicità del sintesismo nel sapere enciclopedico . . 65
2. Coscienza ed essere morale: accostamenti inediti . . 82
2.1. La soggettività tra assolutezza dell'origine e compimento della destinazione: legge, fecondità dell'insessione, generazione e libertà . . 97
3. Elementi teologicofilosofici di una metafisica dell'affezione . . 110
3.1. Il sentimento fondamentale e l'inoggettivazione: il 'sintesismo nel sintesismo' (Schelling e Rosmini) . . 113

III. Il punto d'incontro tra la rivelazione e la libertà nell'opera di Rosmini . . 133
1. Il giudizio . . 134
2. Agape: esteriorità e sensibilità del soggetto relazione . . 144

PARTE SECONDA: Rosmini e la postmodernità

IV. Con Rosmini oltre i sentieri interrotti e ripresi della modernità . . 155
1. Postmodernità: fine o ri-de-finizione del soggetto? . . 157
1.1. Per un'ermeneutica dell'etica come ontologia in Lévinas: invocazione implicita dell'essere morale? . . 175
1.2. L'istanza etico-estetico-simbolica dopo la fine del soggetto moderno e l'unità del sapere in Rosmini . . 184
2. Rosrnini e la postmodernità: prospettiva ermeneutica . . 188
2.1. L'esteriorità della coscienza, l'etica dell'incontrovertibile e l'essere morale . . 210

V. Struttura salvifica della rivelazione. Il non colpevole vuoto antropologico e la dinamica della redenzione . . 221
1. Inoggettivazione e affidamento: la sensibilità della rivelazione . . 225
1.1. Un possibile approfondimento del magistero e sua risulttante risonanza . . 225
1.2. Intercettazione, decifrazione e possibile orientamento della postmodernità . . 231
2. Colpa, peccato e libertà . . 235
2.1. L'affezione e il pensare dell'ingiunzione/ obbedinza tra ontologia e grazia . . 240
Tavola sinottica 4 . . 251
Tavola sinottica 5 . . 252

VI. Coscienza e struttura originaria. Libertà della rivelazione e verità degli affetti . . 255
1. Sentimento fondamentale ed etica teologica della verità . . 259
1.1. Coscienza morale ed etica dell'alterila . . 265
1.2. Coscienza morale ed ermeneutica dialogica . . 274
1.3. Coscienza morale e modello trascendentale del compimento del senso . . 277
2. Metafisica dell'affezione in Rosmini e svolta affettiva per la metafisica . . 280
2.1. Essere morale e teoria della coscienza credente: un confronto da svolgere . . 284
2.2. Elementi per illustrare la pertinenza della questione e per la sua istruzione . . 292
3. La «Teosofìa» come oltrepassamento del duplice modello storico della correlazione . . 294
3.1. Teosofia, inoggettivazione e correlazione (dialettica e come conciliazione) . . 295
3.2. Teosofia, fenomenologia e metafisica . . 301
3.3. Rosmini oltre i limiti dell'idealismo trascendentale e della riduzione eidetica . . 306

Conclusioni . . 317
Postfazione . . 323
Bibliografia . . 327
Indice dei nomi . . 369

Acknowledgements . . 7
Introduction: The Formation of the Finnish Type of Consumer Society between the East and the West, the!950s and 1960s . . 10

PART I. THE MAKING OF THE FRUGAL CONSUMER
The Finnish Consumer Mentality and Ethos: At the Intersection between East and West . . 42
A Country of Decent Consumers: The Role of Alcohol in Everyday Finnish Life in the 1950s . . 88
Imagining Economy. Finlandia Newsreels Building up shared Imagery in the 1950s and early 1960s . . 104
Anglo-American Pop Music, Finnish Tango, and the Controversial Images of Modernity in Finland in the 1960s . . 124

PART II. CONSUMPTION AS SPECTACLE: AGE OF THE TELEVISION, AFFLUENCE AND MEDIATISATION OF CONSUMER SOCIETY
Television Creating Finnish Consumer Mentality in the 1960s . . 154
The Legalizing of Roulette and Changes in Finnish Consumer Culture in the 1960s and 1970s . . 180
Accidental Traders - Finnish Tourists in the Soviet Union in THE 1950s-1970s . . 206
From Background to Foreground: Music Products for Production and Consumption Spaces. . 230

Afterword
Summerhouses and Saunas, Parks and Libraries - Places of Private and Public Consumption in Finland . . 254
List of conrributors . . 260

FOREWORD . . 9

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION - SETTING THE SCENE . . 11
Introduction, project background and objectives . . 11
Literature and data collection issues . . 13
A brief overview of key international instruments concerning trafficking in human beings and forced labour . . 17
The three country reports . . 24
References . . 26

WORK ON ANY TERMS: TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND EXPLOITATION OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN FINLAND . . 31
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION . . 31
1.1 Terminology . . 32
1.2 National legislation . . 33
CHAPTER 2: THE FINNISH CONTEXT . . 39
2.1 Institutional framework and data collection . . 39
2.2 Previous research in Finland . . 40
2.3 Reported crimes and court judgements . . 42
2.4 The assistance system for victims of human trafficking . . 43
2.5 The number of migrant workers in Finland . . 44
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 48
3.1 The research questions . . 48
3.2 Expert interviews . . 49
3.3 Victim interviews . . 51
3.4 Court data . . 53
3.5 Pre-trial investigation materials . . 58
3.6 Media material . . 59
3.7 National expert meetings . . 60
CHAPTER 4: BEFORE ARRIVING IN FINLAND . . 61
4.1 Countries of origin and sectors . . 61
4.2 Victims and exploited workers . . 63
4.3 Perpetrators . . 64
4.4 Recruitment . . 66
4.5 Work permits . . 73
4.6 Travel arrangements . . 75
CHAPTER 5: FORMS OF EXPLOITATION IN FINLAND . . 77
5.1 Physical control . . 77
5.2 Other means of control . . 81
5.3 Economic control and other deficiencies regarding the terms of employment . . 90
CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFYING AND HELPING VICTIMS . . 106
6.1 How cases of exploitation are found out . . 106
6.2 Victim identification . . 107
6.3 Assisting victims of human trafficking within the official system of assistance . . 111
6.4 Victims' experiences and views regarding assistance and help . . 113
CHAPTER 7: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND COURT PROCEEDINGS . . 116
7.1 Which unit is responsible for the investigation? . . 116
7.2 The length of the investigation . . 118
7.3 Interrogation . . 119
7.4 Problems regarding the evidence . . 121
7.5 Difficult crime labels and elements of crimes . . 122
7.6 Prosecution and non-prosecution . . 124
7.7 Lenient sanctions . . 125
7.8 The satisfaction of the victims and its impact on the criminal justice process . . 126
CHAPTER 8: WHAT IS TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR? . . 130
8.1 The definition of human trafficking . . 130
8.2 Examples from other countries . . 132
8.3 Conclusions related to the definition . . 135
CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 138
SOURCES AND REFERENCES . . 142

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR IN POLAND . . 165
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY . . 165
CHAPTER 2: THE POLISH CONTEXT . . 171
2.1 Social context . . 172
2.2 Legal context . . 173
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 184
3.1 Research questions . . 184
3.2 Data and methods used . . 185
3.3 Ethical questions related to the research . . 191
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH RESULTS . . 193
4.1 General information about the forced labour phenomenon in Poland . . 193
4.2 Modus operandi of the perpetrators . . 196
4.3 Who are the victims? . . 198
4.4 Who are the perpetrators? . . 200
4.5 Working conditions and salary . . 202
4.6 Means of control used against the victims . . 203
4.7 Economic sectors affected . . 206
4.8 The legal status of the victims in the country of destination . . 208
4.9 Other related phenomena - agency or leased workers . . 209
4.10 Impacts of the recession . . 211
CHAPTER 5: LAW IN PRACTICE AND LAW IN ACTION, I.E. HOW THE JUSTICE SYSTEM AND LAW ENFORCEMENT DEFINE FORCED LABOUR . . 213
5.1 The difficulty of defining human trafficking . . 214
5.2 How the courts and prosecutors defined human trafficking for forced labour . . 216
CHAPTER 6: SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM OF ELIMINATION OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS FOR FORCED LABOUR . . 220
6.1 Prevention . . 220
6.2 Identification of victims . . 220
6.3 Prosecution of the offence of trafficking in human beings for forced labour . . 224
6.4 Punishing of the offence of trafficking in human beings for forced labour . . 227
6.5 Assistance to victims . . 228
CHAPTER 7: HOW TO DO A STUDY ON TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR . . 232
7.1 General remark . . 232
7.2 Interviews with experts (mostly law enforcement and state officials) . . 232
7.3 Official data from all possible institutions . . 233
7.4 Press analysis . . 233
7.5 Criminal cases - law in action studies . . 234
7.7 Interviews with perpetrators . . 235
7.8 Public opinion polls . . 236
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 237
LITERATURE . . 241
Specific sources of information referred to in Chapter 3 . . 244
List of interviewed experts . . 245

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCFD T.AROUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION IN ESTONIA . . 246
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . . 246
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK . . 248
2.1 National definitions . . 248
2.2 Reflections on the current national situation . . 249
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 254
3.1 Research questions . . 254
3.2 Data and methods used . . 254
3.3 Ethical questions related to the study . . 259
CHAPTER 4: LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS . . 261
4.1 Procedural issues of labour exploitation cases . . 261
4.2 Lack of the legislation . . 264
4.3 Legislation amendments and developments . . 266
CHAPTER 5: PROBLEMATISATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION . . 269
5.1 Media analysis . . 269
5.2 Labour migration to Estonia . . 275
5.3 Labour migration from Estonia . . 279
CHAPTER 6: THE NATURE OF EXPLOITATION . . 282
6.1 Recruitment . . 283
6.2 Elements of exploitation . . 285
6.3 Vulnerabilities of victims . . 291
CHAPTER 7: INSTITUTIONS AND AUTHORITIES DEALING WITH HUMAN TRAFFICKING . . 295
7.1 Citizenship and migration division of police . . 295
7.2 Centre of extradition . . 295
7.3 Estonian embassies abroad . . 296
7.4 Labour market organisations . . 297
7.5 Police . . 297
7.6 Prosecutor's office . . 299
7.7 The Labour inspectorate . . 300
7.8 Trade unions . . 301
CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 303
8.1 Summary . . 303
8.2 Recommendations . . 306
REFERENCES . . 308

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR: PROJECT SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . 312
Summary of project activities . . 312
Pilot methodology . . 314
Summary of the research findings . . 317
Conclusions and recommendations . . 319
Literature . . 322

Annex 1: Pilot methodology table . . 324
Annex 2: Infopaper for Expert Interviews (Template) . . 334
Annex 3: Thematic Interview Template for Expert Interviews . . 335
Annex 4: Infopaper for Victim Interviews (Template) . . 337
Annex 5: Thematic Interview Template for Victim Interviews . . 338
Annex 6: Questionnaire of analysis of criminal cases in Poland . . 341
Annex 7: Questionnaire for the interviews with the victims of forced labour and for court cases analysis in Poland . . 343

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . ix
INTRODUCTION . . 1

1 THE NEW MEDIASPEAK - MEDIA LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY TODAY . . 17
35 common media descriptions . . 17
What is Web 2.0 and what is all the fuss about? . . 32
A timeline of key Web developments: Web 1.0 - Web 3.0 . . 46

2 UNDERSTANDING THE MEDIASCAPE - PHILOSOPHIES AND THEORIES OF EMERGENT MEDIA . . 59
Major traditions of media critique . . 60
Media barons versus net neutrality . . 68
The digital divide . . 77
Community and social capital . . 84
Technological determinism . . 93
The less travelled middle ground and the beauty of grey . . 97

3 SORTING MYTHS AND CYBERBOLE FROM TRENDS AND TIPPING POINTS . . 105
The end of endism . . 105
The myth of cyberspace and cyberculture . . 107
The disappearing computer and communications network . . 114
Media are immaterial . . 115
Audience fragmentation and demassification . . 120

4 THE FUTURE OF COMMUNITY AND CULTURE . . 137
Reclaiming folk culture . . 138
Identity construction - new 'technologies of the self' . . 140
Anomie or social glue? . . 146
Engaging youth - generations X, Y and C . . 148
When autonomy and individualism are important - online 'greys' . . 151

5 THE FUTURE OF MEDIATED POLITICS . . 155
The mediated public sphere . . 157
The emergent public sphere . . 160
E-democracy and e-government - the role of emergent media . . 175

6 THE FUTURE OF JOURNALISM . . 209
Four converging changes . . 211
The loss of journalists . . 212
The loss of time . . 215
The loss of 'gatekeepers' . . 221
The loss of 'truth', 'objectivity' and source credibility . . 229
The loss of audiences . . 239
Opportunities for a 'new new journalism' . . 242

7 THE FUTURE OF ADVERTISING . . 253
Structural as well as economic challenges . . 254
The audiences that got away . . 256
Evolving approaches in advertising . . 257
Future approaches - Relevancy Advertising and other ways to 'ad value' . . 268

8 FUTURE MEDIA BUSINESS MODELS . . 277
Emergent business models . . 281
Beyond advertising . . 292
The Attention Economy . . 296
Market intelligence and data v privacy . . 297
E-commerce to v-commerce . . 303

9 THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS . . 307
Unspinning spin . . 308
Conversations, dialogue, relationships - rediscovering authenticity . . 316
Emergent media monitoring and analysis . . 318
Emergent media relations . . 322

10 THE FUTURE FOR ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS . . 327
Transparency - four billion mobile/cell phones are watching . . 329
Security and governance . . 330
Beyond brand to reputation and relationships . . 331
Opportunities - the Long Tail and beyond . . 332

CONCLUSIONS . . 335
REFERENCES . . 351
INDEX . . 397

Acknowledgments . . vii
Introduction . . I
1 The Editors and the Cartoonists . . 13
2 The Path to a Showdown . . 35
3 The Diplomatic Protest against the Cartoons . . 63
4 Muslims'"Day of Rage" . . 83
5 Seeking the Third Way . . 114
6 Muslim Iconoclasm and Christian Blasphemy . . 131
7 Danish Intolerance and Foreign Relations . . 147
8 The Freedom Agenda Rebound . . 167
Chronology . . 185
Notes . . 201
Index . . 221