Wroclaw University Library

Acknowledgments . . vii

Introduction . . 1
1. Biographical Backgrounds . . 5
2. Humboldt's Visit to the United States . . 20
3. Transatlantic Experiences . . 32
4. A Transatlantic Network of Knowledge and Ideas . . 46
5. Jefferson Presents His New Nation . . 77
6. Two Views of the Haitian Revolution . . 91
7. Engagement with the Natural World . . 101
8. Parallels and Discrepancies . . 126
Epilogue . . 141

Appendix
Humboldt and Jefferson's Correspondence . . 143
Humboldt's Account of His American Travels, Written for the American Philosophical Society (1804) . . 159

Notes . . 173
Bibliography . . 197
Index . . 213

List of Illustrations . . vii
Acknowledgments . . ix
Abbreviations . . xi

Introduction . . 3
1 "Named Incorrectly": The Geographic and Symbolic Functions of Columbian Place Names . . 32
2 Words and the World: The Known Corpus of Columbian Place Names . . 46
3 "Y saber dellos los secretes de la tierra": Taino Toponymy and Columbian Naming . . 61
4 Heavenly Bodies and Metallurgy in Columbian Toponymy . . 82
5 Iguana and Christ . . 103
6 Infernal Imagery: Spirituality and Cosmology in the Final Two Voyages . . 123
Conclusion . . 157

Appendix: A Comprehensive List of Columbian Place Names . . 169
Notes . . 197
Bibliography . . 249
Index . . 265

List of Figures . . vii
List of Tables . . ix
Acknowledgments . . xi
Introduction: A User's Guide to Soils, Climate, and Society . . xiii

1. Population Estimates for Anthropogenically Enriched Soils (Amazonian Dark Earths) . . 1
2. Soilscape Legacies: Historical and Emerging Consequences of Socioecological Interactions in Honduras . . 21
3. Drought, Subsistence Stress, and Population Dynamics: Assessing Mississippian Abandonment of the Vacant Quarter . .  61
4. Mimbres Mogollon Farming: Estimating Prehistoric Agricultural Production during the Classic Mimbres Period . . 85
5. So Who's Counting? Modeling Pre-Columbian Agricultural Potential in the Maya World . .  109
6. Tilling the Fields and Building the Temples: Assessing che Relationship among Land, Labor, and Classic Maya Elite Power in the Copan Valley, Honduras . . 131
7. An EPIC Challenge: Estimating Site Population in South Coastal Peru . . 157
8. Feeding the Masses: New Perspectives on Maya Agriculture from Ceren, El Salvador . . 175
9. How Can We Know ? The Epistemological Foundation of Ecological Modeling in Archaeology . . 205

List of Contributors . . 225
Index . . 227

Acknowledgments . . vii
Acronyms . . ix

American Biodefense, from Boston to Baghdad . . 1
1. Science and Technology for National Security: Threats, Interests, and Ideas . . 13
2. Stereotypical Neglect of Military Research, Development, and Acquisition for Biodefense . . 36
3. Fatal Assumptions: Military Doctrine . . 71
4. An Unlikely Sponsor? The Rise of Civilian Biodefense . . 102
Biodefense and Beyond: The Influence of Ideas on National Security . . 128

Notes . . 139
Index . . 185

Acknowledgements . . viii
List of Tables and Figures . . ix

1 Heritage of Pluralism or Having Cultural Agency: An Introduction . . 1
  Making Sense of the Past . . 1
  Having Cultural Agency . . 4
  The Role of Heritage Brokers . . 9
  Heritage as Identity . . 14
   1 Heritage as Vernacular (Dissenting) Identity . . 15
   2 Heritage as National (Dominant) Identity . . 20
  Five Case Studies . . 23
  In Conclusion . . 26

2 Nationalism and Violence: The Case of Pomak Christianization (Pokrustvane) in Bulgaria, 1912-1913 . . 32
  The Nationalism Premise . . 33
  The Pomaks . . 40
  War and Pokrustvane (Conversion) in 1912-1913 . . 47
   1 The Balkan Wars . . 48
   2 The Pokrustvane . . 51
    2.1 The Killings in Oral History . . 64
    2.2 The Killings Documented . . 71
    2.3 Humanity and Survival Along the Way . . 75
    2.4 The Pokrustvane of Muslim Prisoners of War (POWs) . . 82
    2.5 The Tide is Turning . . 85
   3 War and Pokrustvane No More . . 91
 Conclusion . . 93

3 The Vuzroditelen Protses: Identity Crisis and the Forced Renaming of the Pomaks (1944-1989) . . 96
  Policy and Ideology of the Vuzhroditelen Protses . . 96
  Bringing about Identity Crisis . . 104
  From Pokrustvane to Vuzhroditelen Protses . . 110
   1 The Rebirth of Organization Rodina . . 110
   2 Mission: "Revival" . . 120
  Turmoil in the (Western) Rhodopes . . 126
  Economic Opportunities in the Vuzhroditelen Protses . . 131
  Conclusion . . 136
   1 External Pressure, Internal Turmoil, and the "Big Excursion" . . 136
   2 The End Is Near or Is It? . . 138
   3 Implications for Pomak Heritage . . 142

4 A Pomak Life of Dissent Amidst Cultural Oppression in Communist Bulgaria . . 144
  Meeting Ramadan . . 144
  Ramadan's Vuzhroditelen-Protses Ordeal . . 145
  Trouble in Kornitsa . . 148
  Trouble in Exile . . 154
  Bloody Revival in the Rhodopes . . 156
  Prison Tribulations . . 161
   1 Arrest, Detention, and Trial . . 161
   2 Tortured Prisoner . . 164
   3 Release and Re-imprisonment . . 168
  "Take the Passport or Die" . . 171
  Conclusion . . 172

5 The Ribnovo Wedding: A Pomak Tradition . . 175
  Introduction . . 175
  Ribnovo: Place and People . . 178
  Colorful Fairytale Ribnovo . . 181
  The Cheiz . . 199
  The Essence of the Ribnovo Wedding . . 201
  Marriage: "The Key Turning Point in... Adult Life" . . 203
  Asserting Identity through Custom . . 208

6 Preserving Historical Heritage: The Case of Salih Aga of Pasmakli, the Pomak Governor of the Ahi Celebi Kaza of the Ottoman Empire (1798-1838) . . 214
  Finding Salih Aga . . 215
  Salih Aga and His Time . . 219
  Who Wrote about Salih Aga . . 223
  Salih's Family Tree . . 228
  Salih, the Family Man . . 230
   1 Mustafa Adzhi Aga . .  230
   2 Salihagavitsa (the Wife of Salih Aga) . . 236
  Salih, the Public Man . . 240
  The Death of Salih Aga . . 242
  Conclusion: Salih Aga's Heritage . . 248

Appendices
2.1 Report of Pazardzhik Activists for Pomak Conversion to Archbishop Maxim . . 252
2.2 Excerpts from the Carnegie Report on the Balkan Wars, 1914 . . 255
3.1A Applications for Emigration Submitted by Pomaks . . 257
3.1B Number of Passports Issued to Pomaks . . 258
3.1C Statistics on Pomak Immigration . . 259
3.2 Statistics on Zagrazhden Municipality . . 260
6.1 Ballad about the Killing of Salih Aga . . 267

Bibliography . . 270
Index . . 275

Preface . . i
Contents . . iii
List of Figures . . ix
List of Tables . . xix

1 Fundamentals of Biometric Technology . . 1
1.1 Biometric Authentication Technology . . 1
1.2 Some Major Biometric Applications . . 2
1.3 Operational Process of Biometric Technology . . 4
1.4 Biometric Data Indexing . . 7
1.5 Metrics for Performance Measure . . 7
1.6 Biometric Modalities . . 8
1.7 Comparative Study of Different Biometric Modalities . . 13
1.8 Summary . . 21

2 Multimodal Biometric and Fusion Technology . . 33
2.1 Multirnodal Biometric Authentication Technology . . 33
2.2 Fusion of Multimodalities . . 34
2.3 Fusion Levels . . 36
2.4 Different Fusion Rules . . 42
2.5 Comparative Study of Fusion Rule . . 62
2.6 Summary . . 68

3 Biometric Indexing: State-of-the-Art . . 79
3.1 Survey on Iris Biometric Data Indexing . . 79
3.2 Survey on Fingerprint Biometric Data Indexing . . 83
3.3 Survey on Face Biometric Data Indexing . . 94
3.4 Survey on Multimodal Biometric Data Indexing . . 95
3.5 Summary . . 97

4 Iris Biometric Data Indexing . . 111
4.1 Preliminaries of Gabor Filter . . 112
4.2 Preprocessing . . 115
4.3 Feature Extraction . . 117
4.4 Index Key Generation . . 118
4.5 Storing . . 119
4.6 Retrieving . . 124
4.7 Performance Evaluation . . 127
4.8 Comparison with Existing Work . . 141
4.9 Summary . . 143

5 Fingerprint Biometric Data Indexing . . 149
5.1 Preprocessing . . 150
5.2 Feature Extraction . . 157
5.3 Index Key Generation . . 160
5.4 Storing . . 163
5.5 Retrieving . . 173
5.6 Performance Evaluation . . 177
5.7 Comparison with Existing Work . . 195
5.8 Summary . . 199

6 Face Biometric Data Indexing . . 205
6.1 Preprocessing . . 206
6.2 Feature Extraction . . 210
6.3 Index Key Generation . . 218
6.4 Storing . . 220
6.5 Retrieving . . 225
6.6 Performance Evaluation . . 232
6.7 Comparison with Existing Work . . 251
6.8 Summary . . 252

7 Multimodal Biometric Data Indexing . . 257
7.1 Feature Extraction . . 259
7.2 Score Calculation . . 261
7.3 Reference Subject Selection . . 262
7.4 Reference Score Calculation . . 266
7.5 Score Level Fusion . . 267
7.8 Retrieving . . 275
7.9 Rank Level Fusion . . 278
7.10 Performance Evaluation . . 282
7.11 Comparison with Existing Work . . 296
7.12 Summary . . 298

8 Conclusions and Future Research . . 305
8.1 Dimensionality of Index Key Vector . . 305
8.2 Storing and Retrieving . . 308
8.3 Performance of Indexing Techniques . . 310
8.4 Threats to Validity . . 312
8.5 Future Scope of Work . . 315

Index . . 323

Acknowledgments . . ix

Introduction . . 1
1. Setting the Stage . . 16
2. The Subtle Powers of a Small State . . 46
3. Foreign Policy and Power Projection . . 69
4. The Stability of Royal Autocracy . . 105
5. State Capacity and High Modernism . . 140
6. Qatar's Moment in History . . 165

Notes . . 175
Bibliography . . 201
Index . . 217

List of Illustrations . . ix
Preface . . xi

I Introduction
1. Rating Presidents and Assessing Obama . . 3

II Character and Identity
2. Rhetoric and Image . . 21
3. Obama's Lincoln: Image to Ideology . . 37
4. The Optimist and the Realist . . 51
5. Obamania in Europe . . 67

III Politics and Leadership
6. The First Hundred Days . . 85
7. Legislative Leadership . . 99
8. The Firing of General Stanley McChrystal . . 113
9. 2010 Midterm Election . . 129

IV Domestic Policy
10. U.S. Auto Industry Rescue . . 45
11. Environmental Policy and Global Climate Change . . 161
12. Food and Agricultural Policy . . 183
13. Health Care Reform . . 197
14. Response to the Gulf Oil Spill . . 213

V Foreign Policy and National Security
15. Inherited Wars: Afghanistan and Iraq . . 231
16. Iran Policy . . 247
17. China Policy . . 263
18. Counterterrorism Policy . . 277
19. Obama, Libya, and War Powers . . 297

VI The Obama Administration
20. The Policy Czar Debate . . 315
21. Unilateral Directives . . 343
22. Vice President Joe Biden . . 363
23. First Lady Michelle Obama . . 379

VII Conclusion
24. Making History . . 401

Appendix A: Barack Obama Biography . . 419
Appendix B: The Obama Administration . . 421
List of Contributors . . 423
Index . . 431

List of Illustrations . . ix
Acknowledgments . . xi
Abbreviations . . xiv

Introduction . . 1
1. La France Profonde? News and Political Information in the Village . . 22
2. From Emotion Populaire to Seditious Words: Rural Protest in the Ancien Regime . . 58
3. Bringing Them into the Fold: The Struggle against Ignorance and Dissent in the French Revolution . . 89
4. "Long Live Louis XVII": The Prosecution of Seditious Speech during the French Revolution . . 132
5. Tricksters, Dupes, and Drunkards: Truth and Untruth in the Search for Rural Political Opinion . . 172
Conclusion . . 207

Notes . . 219
Bibliography . . 267
Index . . 299

Acknowledgments . . vii
Introduction: Definitions of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, Ethnic Cleansing, and War Crimes in Modern World History . . 3

1. The Native New World . . 23
2. European Penetration of the New World . . 36
3. Interregnum: Natives and a Reformed Colonial Land Policy . . 52
4. A New Kind of Ethnic Cleansing: The Frontier "Rangers' and the Assault on Native America . . 69
5. The American Invasion . . 87
6. The Jeffersonians and the Removal Game . . 110
7. The Great Land Grab . . 128
8. Unscabbarding the Bayonet: Andrew Jackson and the Policy of Forced Ethnic Cleansing . . 151
9. The Western Domain: Indian Country . . 173
10. The Stealing of a Golden Land: Ethnic Cleansing in California . . 192
11. The "Diminishment" of the Native Domain: Oregon and Washington . . 219
12. The Great Plains: War Crimes, Reservations, Peace Commissions, and Reformers . . 237
13. The "Peace Policy": Benevolent Ethnic Cleansing . . 258
14. The Red River "Wars": The Collapse of the Peace Policy . . 274
15. General Sheridan and the Ethnic Cleansing of the Northern Lakota Sioux . . 289
16. The Indians"'Last Stand" against Ethnic Cleansing . . 310
Epilogue: Allotment and the Final Ethnic Cleansing of America . . 329

Notes . . 339
Bibliography . . 411
Index . . 435