Biblioteka Uniwersytecka

Preface . . 11

PART 1 . . 17

1 Introduction to American English  . 19
1.1 American English Dialects . . 19
1.2 The delimitation of a reference dialect . . 25
1.3 Summary of the main points . . 34

2 The phoneme and the phoneme inventory of North American English . . 37
2.1 Introduction . . 37
2.2 The phoneme and the linguistic hierarchy . . 37
2.3 Phonemes and allophones . . 43
2.4 The phoneme as an organising unit of sound structure . . 46
2.5 Establishing the phoneme inventory of NAERD. . . 47
2.6 Summary . . 50

3 Obstruent consonants in American English . . 53
3.1 Articulatory, acoustic and auditory descriptions . . 53
3.2 The organs of speech and their three systems: articulatory, phonatory and respiratory . . 54
3.3 The classification of the consonant system . . 58
3.4 Classes of obstruents in NAERD - stops . . 63
3.5 The individual stops . . 70
3.6 Classes of obstruents in NAERD - fricatives . . 80
3.7 The individual fricatives . . 85
3.8 Summarising the obstruent consonants of NAERD . . 94

4 Sonorant consonants in American English . . 97
4.1 Types of sonorant consonants . . 97
4.2 The individual sonorants . . 99
4.3 Syllabic consonants . . 113
4.4 Summarising the sonorant consonants of NAERD . . 115

5 Vowels in American English . . 117
5.1 How to describe vowels . . 117
5.2 Subclasses of vowels . . 120
5.3 Ongoing vowel changes in American English . . 130
5.4 The individual vowels . . 132
5.5 Vowels in unstressed syllables . . 142
5.6 Summarising the vowels of NAERD English . . 151

PART II . . 153

6 Syllable structure in American English . . 155
6.1 Prosodic or suprasegmental phenomena . . 155
6.2 Introduction to syllable structure . . 157
6.3 The structure of the syllable . . 158
6.4 The sonority sequencing principle . . 162
6.5 Permissible onsets and codas in NAERD . . 163
6.6 The syllabification of polysyllabic words . . 172
6.7 Summary of syllable structure . . 175

7 Word stress in American English . . 177
7.1 Introduction to word stress . . 177
7.2 Stress rules in non-compounds . .178
7.3 Stress in compounds and compound-like combinations . . 184
7.4 Rhythm . . 188

8 Intonation in American English . . 193
8.1 The nature and function of intonation . . 193
8.2 What is represented between the two horizontal lines? . . 197
8.3 The tone group - structure and demarcation . . 199
8.4 The classification of nucleus types . . 209
8.5 The use of the NAERD nuclei . . 214
8.6 Some communicative implications of the nucleus types . . 220
8.7 Simplified transcription . . 224
8.8 The intonation of some characteristic syntactic constructions . . 227
8.9 Summary of the main points . . 236

PART III . . 239

9 Variation and change . . 241
9.1 Types of inter-segment influence . . 241
9.2 Types of assimilation . . 243
9.3 Elision and epenthesis . . 248
9.4 Diachronic change . . 252

10 Survey of American English dialects . . 269
10.1 Introduction . . 269
10.2 The main dialect areas . . 271
10.3 The North . . 273
10.4 The Midland and the West . . 278
10.5 The South . . 282
10.6 The East . . 288
10.7 Canada . . 297
10.8 Summing up North American dialects . . 300

Bibliography . . 305
Index . . 307

Preface . . IX
Acknowledgments . . XI 
Introduction . . XIII 

1 What Engineers Know about Design . . 1 
2 Why an Animal Needs a Brain . . 11 
3 Why a Bigger Brain? . . 41 
4 How Bigger Brains Are Organized . . 57 
5 Information Processing: From Molecules to Molecular Circuits . . 105 
6 Information Processing in Protein Circuits . . 125 
7 Design of Neurons . . 155 
8 How Photoreceptors Optimize the Capture of Visual Information . . 195 
9 The Fly Lamina: An Efficient Interface for High-Speed Vision . . 235 
10 Design of Neural Circuits: Receding Analogue Signals to Pulsatile . . 265 
11 Principles of Retinal Design . . 277 
12 Beyond the Retina: Pathways to Perception and Action . . 323 
13 Principles of Efficient Wiring . . 363 
14 Learning as Design/Design of Learning . . 399 
15 Summary and Conclusions . . 433 

Principles of Neural Design . . 445 
Notes . . 447 
References . . 465 
Index . . 519 

Francisco Suarez: Erid of the Scholastic? . . 9
EI 'diriel dėl tiempo'. Tiempo, movimiento y su medida, la teoria de los puritos y la indivLsibilidad, segiin Suarez . . 29
Francisco Suarez and the rationesstudiommofihe Society ofjesus . . 77
Suarez aš a Scotist The Portrait of the DoctorEximius in Losada's Commeritary on the Soul . . 91
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza's (Mis)interpretation of Aquinas . . 105
Tra Fonseca e Suarez. L'ingresso della nozione di ens reale nella Schulmetaphysik . . 141
Suarez, Descartes e la dimostrazione dell'esistenza di Dio . . 169
Totą sua entilaie. Suarez and Leibniz on Individuation . . 205
Francisco Suarez and Christian Wolff. A Missed Intellectual Legacy . . 227
L'eredita nascosta cii Suarez nei sistema hegeliano . . 243
Le occorrenze di Suarėz nell'opera di Brentano . . 261
Quasi umbrae entium. Suarez e Brentano sull'ens rationis . . 271

PRATARMĖ . . 7

I. TAUTA - TAI PASAKOJIMAS . . 15
Prielaidos . . 15
Ištakos . . 22
„Kalba stato Politikos pasaulį" . . 8

II. RESPUBLIKOS STEIGIMAS . . 49
Pirmasis krašto įstatymas . . 52
Horodlės mazgas . . 63
Lietuvos karalystės idėja . . 90
Kunigaikštystės viešpačiai . . 98
1492-ieji . . 113
Pirmasis Statutas: Respublikos telkimas . . 133
Antrasis Statutas: Respublikos įtvirtinimas . . 149
Trečiasis Statutas: Respublikos atstatymas . . 191

SUMMARY . . 254

1 Space Activities: A Peculiar Economical, Political. and Industrial Sector . . 1
1.1. Brief History of the First Space Age . . 2
1.2. Brief History of the Space Activities in Europe . . 8
1.3. Brief History of the Space Activities in the Rest of the World . . 10
1.4. The "Governance" of the Activities in Space . . 11
1.5. Definition and Segmentation of the "Space Market" in the World . . 46
2 Space Program Management . . 59
2.1. Characteristics of Space Programs . . 60
2.2. Methods of Defining and Managing Space Programs . . 65
2.3. Implementing Space Programs . . 66
2.4. Start-Up of a Space Program . . 74
2.5. Development Phases of a Space Program . . 83
3 Marketing of Space Programs . . 97
3.1. Notion of Marketing . . 97
3.2. Function of Marketing in a Space Program . . 98
3.3. Marketing of Programs and Services . . 99
3.4. Offer in the Marketing of a Space Program . . 101
3.5. The Space Program Contract . . 110
4 Methods and Tools of Space Programs Management . . 117
4.1. Organization of the Program Team . . 118
4.2. Management of Performance and Margins . . 122
4.3. Configuration Management . . 130
4.4. Assembly, Integration, and Test Management . . 139
4.5. Planning and Schedule Management . . 150
5 Risk Management of Space Programs . . 157
5.1. The Concept of Risk . . 158
5.2. Technical "Reliability and Security" of Space Systems . . 162
5.3. Financial "Reliability and Security" of Space Systems . . 165
6 Cost Management in Space Programs . . 171
6.1. Basic Elements for Economic Evaluations of Space Programs . . 171 
6.2. Definitions and Criteria . . 173
6.3. The Business Plan . . 184
6.4. Example of Cost Analysis for a Space Launcher . . 195
6.5. Example of Cost Analysis fora Satellite . . 210
6.6. Criteria tor Reducing Costs . . 216
References for Chapter 6 . . 219
7 Financial Management of Space Programs . . 221
7.1. Forms of Financing for Space Programs . . 221
7.2 Private Financing . . 222
7.3. "Project Financing" for Space Programs . . 223
8 Management of Small, Low-Cost Space Programs: A New Paradigm . . 247
8.1 Small Space in Perspective . . 247
8.2. Theory and Practice . . 248
8.3 Scaling Management . . 248
8.4. When Complexity Exceeds the Small Team Capability . . 252
8.5. Staffing the Small Space Project . . 252
8.6. How Small Teams Function to Reduce Cost . . 254
8.7. The Integrated Team . . 257
8.8. Parts Selection . . 259
8.9. Testing . . 260
8.10. Integration . . 263
8.11. Elements of the Small Program Plan . . 263
8.12. Case Studies . . 267
8.13. The Requirements Trap . . 275
9 Examples of Management Applied to Different Space Programs . . 277
9.1. Large Civil Governmental Satellite Program: The NASA Advanced Communication Satellite Program Advanced Communications Technology Satellite . . 277
9.2 Multiple Satellite Production Programs: Risk and Organizing Principles in the OrbComm Experience . . 297
9.3. Management of Medium-Sized US Space Programs for DoD . . 315

Acronyms . . 331
Authors' Short Biographies . . 337
Bibliography . . 339
Websites . . 341
Index . . 343

Introduzione . . VII
L'attidografìa come genere letterario . . 3
L'attidografia nella storia degli studi . . 29
L' ... di Ellanico di Lesbo. Una Lokalgeschichte in prospettiva eccentrica . . 53
L'orientamento politico degli attidografi: ancora sul caso di Androzione . . 113
Clidemo di Atene . . 129
L'Atthis di Fanodemo nell'Atene licurghea . . 181
Cecrope il fondatore e le origini della monarchia ateniese nell'Atthis di Filocoro . . 215
Istro il Callimacheo . . 231
L'attidografia dall'erudiziene tardoellenistica agli storici ateniesi Dexippo e Praxagora . . 25

Vorwort . . 7
Breslauer Verlage 1800-1945. Historische Desiderate - Forschung - Perspektive . . 9
Ein „solider sowohl als splendider Verleger". Der Breslauer Verlagsbuchhändler Josef Max . . 25
Die Verlagsbuchhandlung Georg Philipp Aderholz . . 139
Verleger, Kulturmissionar und Schmuggler. Ferdinand Hirt und sein Verlag 1832 bis 1879 . . 185
Kleinere und mittlere jüdische Verlage in Breslau. Juden als Verleger - deutsch-jüdische Verlagsgeschichte . . 229
Der Verlag von Eduard Trewendt (1845 -1903). Eine Breslauer Erfolgsgeschichte . . 265
Der Presse- und Buchverlag S. Schottlaender . . 291
M. & H. Marcus Verlag. Zwischen Idealismus und Geschäft . . 335
„Von friderizianischer Tradition erfüllt, sind die Mauern des Hauses". Die letzten Jahre der Buchverlage Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn in Breslau (1929-1945) . . 377
Der Gauverlag NS-Schlesien (1930-1945). Presse-Krake und Buchmarkt-Amateure . . 457

Siglenverzeichnis . . 487
Personenregister . . 489
Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter . . 500

Preface . . ix

1 Introduction . . 1
2 Human fatness in broad context . . 16
3 Proximate causes of lipid deposition and oxidation . . 49
4 The ontogenetic development of adiposity . . 92
5 The life-course induction of adiposity . . 118
6 The fitness value of fat . . 153
7 The evolutionary biology of adipose tissue . . 195
8 Adiposity in hominin evolution . . 215
9 Adiposity in human evolution . . 244
10 The evolution of human obesity . . 270

References . . 302
Index . . 363

List of contributors . . ix
Foreword . . xi
Preface . . xiii
List of abbreviations . . xvi

Part I. Setting the stage
1 Introduction . . 3
2 Interpretation of biodiversity . . 14
3 Biodiversity conservation and development: challenges for impact assessment . . 59

Part II. Assessment tools
4 The impact assessment framework . . 87
5 Environmental assessment . . 125
6 Biodiversity in Environmental Impact Assessment . . 154
7 Biodiversity-inclusive Strategic Environmental Assessment . . 205

Part III. Emerging issues
8 Reconciling conservation and development: the role of biodiversity offsets . . 255
9 Valuation of ecosystem services: lessons from influential cases . . 287

Epilogue - Topics in need of further elaboration . . 328
Annex: valuation of ecosystem services: influential cases . . 334
Rerences . . 398
Index . . 434

Overview . . vii
Effect of Test Specimen Size on Graphite Strength . . 1
The Use of Small Graphite Specimen Test Data for Large Core Components for HTGR . . 30
Applicability and Limitations of Miniature Specimens for Properties Determination of Fine-Grained Graphite . . 65
Small-Scale Approaches to Evaluate the Mechanical Properties of Quasi-Brittle Reactor Core Graphite . . 84
Quality Control Using Inferential Statistics in Weibull-Based Reliability Analyses . . 105
The Scaling of the Strength of Nuclear Graphite with Particular Emphasis on Statistical Aspects and Implications for Testing . . 123
Sample Size Effects on Ultrasonic Measurements of Elastic Moduli-Experimental and Theoretical Investigations . . 144
Small Specimen Data from a High Temperature HFIR Irradiation Experiment . . 172
Specimen Size Effects in the Determination of Nuclear Grade Graphite Thermal Diffusivity . . 186
Size Effect on the Fracture Properties of Nuclear Graphite . . 199