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Trafficking for forced labour and labour exploitation in Finland, Poland and Estonia

Obrazy
Autor
Anniina Jokinen, Natalia Ollus and Kauko Aromaa (eds.)
Miejsce wydania
Helsinki

Wydawca

Rok wydania
2011
Spis treści

FOREWORD . . 9

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION - SETTING THE SCENE . . 11
Introduction, project background and objectives . . 11
Literature and data collection issues . . 13
A brief overview of key international instruments concerning trafficking in human beings and forced labour . . 17
The three country reports . . 24
References . . 26

WORK ON ANY TERMS: TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND EXPLOITATION OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN FINLAND . . 31
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION . . 31
1.1 Terminology . . 32
1.2 National legislation . . 33
CHAPTER 2: THE FINNISH CONTEXT . . 39
2.1 Institutional framework and data collection . . 39
2.2 Previous research in Finland . . 40
2.3 Reported crimes and court judgements . . 42
2.4 The assistance system for victims of human trafficking . . 43
2.5 The number of migrant workers in Finland . . 44
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 48
3.1 The research questions . . 48
3.2 Expert interviews . . 49
3.3 Victim interviews . . 51
3.4 Court data . . 53
3.5 Pre-trial investigation materials . . 58
3.6 Media material . . 59
3.7 National expert meetings . . 60
CHAPTER 4: BEFORE ARRIVING IN FINLAND . . 61
4.1 Countries of origin and sectors . . 61
4.2 Victims and exploited workers . . 63
4.3 Perpetrators . . 64
4.4 Recruitment . . 66
4.5 Work permits . . 73
4.6 Travel arrangements . . 75
CHAPTER 5: FORMS OF EXPLOITATION IN FINLAND . . 77
5.1 Physical control . . 77
5.2 Other means of control . . 81
5.3 Economic control and other deficiencies regarding the terms of employment . . 90
CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFYING AND HELPING VICTIMS . . 106
6.1 How cases of exploitation are found out . . 106
6.2 Victim identification . . 107
6.3 Assisting victims of human trafficking within the official system of assistance . . 111
6.4 Victims' experiences and views regarding assistance and help . . 113
CHAPTER 7: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND COURT PROCEEDINGS . . 116
7.1 Which unit is responsible for the investigation? . . 116
7.2 The length of the investigation . . 118
7.3 Interrogation . . 119
7.4 Problems regarding the evidence . . 121
7.5 Difficult crime labels and elements of crimes . . 122
7.6 Prosecution and non-prosecution . . 124
7.7 Lenient sanctions . . 125
7.8 The satisfaction of the victims and its impact on the criminal justice process . . 126
CHAPTER 8: WHAT IS TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR? . . 130
8.1 The definition of human trafficking . . 130
8.2 Examples from other countries . . 132
8.3 Conclusions related to the definition . . 135
CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 138
SOURCES AND REFERENCES . . 142

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR IN POLAND . . 165
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY . . 165
CHAPTER 2: THE POLISH CONTEXT . . 171
2.1 Social context . . 172
2.2 Legal context . . 173
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 184
3.1 Research questions . . 184
3.2 Data and methods used . . 185
3.3 Ethical questions related to the research . . 191
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH RESULTS . . 193
4.1 General information about the forced labour phenomenon in Poland . . 193
4.2 Modus operandi of the perpetrators . . 196
4.3 Who are the victims? . . 198
4.4 Who are the perpetrators? . . 200
4.5 Working conditions and salary . . 202
4.6 Means of control used against the victims . . 203
4.7 Economic sectors affected . . 206
4.8 The legal status of the victims in the country of destination . . 208
4.9 Other related phenomena - agency or leased workers . . 209
4.10 Impacts of the recession . . 211
CHAPTER 5: LAW IN PRACTICE AND LAW IN ACTION, I.E. HOW THE JUSTICE SYSTEM AND LAW ENFORCEMENT DEFINE FORCED LABOUR . . 213
5.1 The difficulty of defining human trafficking . . 214
5.2 How the courts and prosecutors defined human trafficking for forced labour . . 216
CHAPTER 6: SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM OF ELIMINATION OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS FOR FORCED LABOUR . . 220
6.1 Prevention . . 220
6.2 Identification of victims . . 220
6.3 Prosecution of the offence of trafficking in human beings for forced labour . . 224
6.4 Punishing of the offence of trafficking in human beings for forced labour . . 227
6.5 Assistance to victims . . 228
CHAPTER 7: HOW TO DO A STUDY ON TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR . . 232
7.1 General remark . . 232
7.2 Interviews with experts (mostly law enforcement and state officials) . . 232
7.3 Official data from all possible institutions . . 233
7.4 Press analysis . . 233
7.5 Criminal cases - law in action studies . . 234
7.7 Interviews with perpetrators . . 235
7.8 Public opinion polls . . 236
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 237
LITERATURE . . 241
Specific sources of information referred to in Chapter 3 . . 244
List of interviewed experts . . 245

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCFD T.AROUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION IN ESTONIA . . 246
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . . 246
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK . . 248
2.1 National definitions . . 248
2.2 Reflections on the current national situation . . 249
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 254
3.1 Research questions . . 254
3.2 Data and methods used . . 254
3.3 Ethical questions related to the study . . 259
CHAPTER 4: LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS . . 261
4.1 Procedural issues of labour exploitation cases . . 261
4.2 Lack of the legislation . . 264
4.3 Legislation amendments and developments . . 266
CHAPTER 5: PROBLEMATISATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION . . 269
5.1 Media analysis . . 269
5.2 Labour migration to Estonia . . 275
5.3 Labour migration from Estonia . . 279
CHAPTER 6: THE NATURE OF EXPLOITATION . . 282
6.1 Recruitment . . 283
6.2 Elements of exploitation . . 285
6.3 Vulnerabilities of victims . . 291
CHAPTER 7: INSTITUTIONS AND AUTHORITIES DEALING WITH HUMAN TRAFFICKING . . 295
7.1 Citizenship and migration division of police . . 295
7.2 Centre of extradition . . 295
7.3 Estonian embassies abroad . . 296
7.4 Labour market organisations . . 297
7.5 Police . . 297
7.6 Prosecutor's office . . 299
7.7 The Labour inspectorate . . 300
7.8 Trade unions . . 301
CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 303
8.1 Summary . . 303
8.2 Recommendations . . 306
REFERENCES . . 308

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR: PROJECT SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . 312
Summary of project activities . . 312
Pilot methodology . . 314
Summary of the research findings . . 317
Conclusions and recommendations . . 319
Literature . . 322

Annex 1: Pilot methodology table . . 324
Annex 2: Infopaper for Expert Interviews (Template) . . 334
Annex 3: Thematic Interview Template for Expert Interviews . . 335
Annex 4: Infopaper for Victim Interviews (Template) . . 337
Annex 5: Thematic Interview Template for Victim Interviews . . 338
Annex 6: Questionnaire of analysis of criminal cases in Poland . . 341
Annex 7: Questionnaire for the interviews with the victims of forced labour and for court cases analysis in Poland . . 343

Seria
(Publication Series ; No. 68)