Universitätsbibliothek

Acknowledgements . . xi
List of Abbreviations . . xiii

1 Introduction . . 1
1.1. An Overview of the Financing of Space Ventures . . 3
1.2. The Challenges of Financing Space Assets . . 7
1.3. An Example of an Efficient Law of Secured Finance: Article 9 of the U.C.C. . . 15
1.4. The Cape Town Convention: A New Era of Asset-Backed Finance . . 20
1.5. The Genesis and Drafting of the Convention and Space Assets Protocol . . 23
1.6. Industry Reception of the Space Assets Protocol . . 27

2 The Operation of the Convention and the Space Assets Protocol . . 29
2.1. The Nature of an International Interest . . 30
2.1.1. Security Interests . . 31
2.1.2. Conditional Sales . . 32
2.1.3. Leases . . 32
2.1.4. Resolving Questions about the Nature of a Transaction . . 33
2.1.5. The Requirement of a "Uniquely Identifiable Space Asset" . . 34
2.2. The Definition of "Space Asset" . . 34
2.3. The Sphere of Application of the Convention . . 38
2.3.1. General Rules Regarding the Sphere of Application of the Convention . . 38
2.3.2. The Application of the Convention to Vehicles Only Temporarily in Space . . 39
2.3.3. The Application of the Convention to Pre-existing Interests . . 41
2.3.4. Internal Transactions . . 42
2.3.5. Entry into Force . . 43
2.4. Creating an International Interest . . 44
2.4.1. The Requirement of a Written Agreement . . 44
2.4.2. The Requirement of the "Power to Dispose" . . 45
2.4.3. The Requirement of the Sufficient Identification of the Asset . . 46
2.4.4. The Requirement of a Statement of Obligations Secured and the Permissibility of Future Advances . . 48

2.5. Registering an International Interest . . 49
2.5.1. The Registry . . 50
2.5.2. Mechanics of Registration . . 51
2.5.3. Registration of Prospective International Interests . . 54
2.5.4. Duration and Discharge of a Registration . . 55
2.5.5. Searching the Registry . . 57
2.5.6. Errors in Search Results . . 59
2.6. Priority . . 59
2.6.1. The "First to File" Rule . . 60
2.6.2. Priority among Buyers and Competing Claimants . . 62
2.6.3. Subordination . . 63
2.7. The Effects of Installation, Removal, and Docking of a Space Asset . . 64
2.8. Assignment of Associated Rights and Related International Interests . . 65
2.8.1. Formalities of an Assignment of Associated Rights . . 66
2.8.2. Effect of an Assignment of Associated Rights . . 68
2.8.3. Registering an Assignment of an International Interest . . 69
2.8.4. Priority Issues Related to an Assignment of an International Interest . . 69
2.9. Assignment of Debtor's Rights . . 72
2.9.1. Formalities of a Rights Assignment . . 73
2.9.2. Effect of a Rights Assignment . . 74
2.9.3. Recording a Rights Assignment . . 75
2.9.4. Priority among Multiple Assignees . . 77
2.10. Sales . . 77
2.11. Remedies . . 80
2.11.1. The General Requirement of Commercial Reasonability . . 81
2.11.2. Default . . 82
2.11.3. Remedies for the Chargee . . 83
2.11.4. Redemption . . 88
2.11.5. Remedies for the Conditional Seller or Lessor . . 89
2.11.6. Additional Remedies . 90
2.11.7. Remedies for the Assignee of Associated Rights as Security . . 90
2.11.8. Remedies for the Assignee of Debtor's Rights as Security . . 91
2.11.9. Interim Relief Pending Final Adjudication . . 91
2.11.10. Remedies on Insolvency . . 94
2.11.11. Command Codes and Related Data . . 99
2.11.12. Procedural Requirements for the Enforcement of Remedies . . 99
2.11.13. Limitations on Remedies: Physically Linked Space Assets . . 100
2.11.14. Limitations on Remedies: Controlled Technology & Licenses . . 102
2.11.15. Limitations on Remedies: Public Services . . 104
2.11.16. Modifying Remedy Provisions by Agreement . . 106
2.12. Other Issues . . 107
2.12.1. Proceeds . . 107
2.12.2. Salvage Interests . . 109
2.12.3. Subrogation . . 111
2.12.4. Non-Consensual Rights and Interests . . 111
2.12.5. Jurisdiction and Choice of Forum . . 114
2.12.6. Waiver of Sovereign Immunity . . 116
2.12.7. Choice of Law . . 116
2.12.8. Interpreting the Convention and Protocol . . 117
2.12.9. The Convention's Relationship to its Protocols and to Other Treaties . . 119
2.12.1O. Declarations . . 120

3 The Relation of the Convention to the Law of Outer Space . . 123
3.1. An Overview of the Law of Outer Space . . 124
3.2. The Primacy of the Space Treaties . . 131
3.3. The Definitions ofSpace", "Space Object" and "Space Asset" . . 134
3.4. Liability for Damage Caused by a Space Object . . 141
3.4.1. An Overview of Liability in Space . . 141
3.4.2. How the Protocol May Increase Existing Tensions in the Law Governing Liability in Space . . 148
3.4.3. How the Convention May Assist in Determining Liability . . 154
3.5. The Convention's Relation to the Rescue and Return Agreement . . 158
3.5.1. An Overview of the Duty to Return Space Objects and Rescue Personnel . . 159
3.5.2. How the Rescue and Return Agreement Can Protect the Interests of a Creditor . . 162
3.5.3. How the Rescue and Return Agreement Could Harm the Interests of a Creditor . . 165
3.6. Jurisdiction under the Outer Space Treaty and Registration Convention . . 167
3.6.1. A Summary of the Convention's Provisions on Jurisdiction . . 168
3.6.2. How the Outer Space Treaty Affects the Jurisdictional Provisions of the Convention . . 169
3.6.3. The State of Registry's Retention of Jurisdiction after Transfer . . 173
3.7. The Convention's Relation to the Moon Agreement . . 177
3.8. The Convention's Relation to the ITU Instruments . . 181

Annexes
Annex 1: Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment . . 189
Annex 2: Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Space Assets . . 223
Bibliography . . 251
Index . . 259

List of ICSID Cases . . xv
Table of Cases . . xxxv
Table of Treaties . . xliii
List of Abbreviations . . li

1. Introduction . . 1
I. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . . 2
II. The International Finance Corporation, International Development Association and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency . . 5
III. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes . . 8

2. Origins of the Convention . . 11
I. Proposed multilateral approaches to the promotion of private foreign investment . . 12
  A. Investment insurance . . 12
  B. A code of conduct . . 13
  C. An arbitral body for investment disputes . . 16
II. The World Bank considers the proposals . . 18
  A. The Bank's wrk on an IIIA . . 18
  B. The proposed code of conduct . . 19
  C. The dispute settlement approach . . 21
III. The role of "Black's Bank" in the settlement of investment disputes . . 21
IV. The Bank begins to work on the initiative . . 24

3. Broches's "Working Paper" . . 27
I. The Working Paper . . 30
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 30
  B. Provisions on the jurisdiction of the Center . . 34
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 35
II. The initial meetings of the Committee of the Whole . . 37

4. The Preliminary Draft of the Convention . . 43
I. The Preliminary Draft . . 44
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 44
  B. Provisions on the jurisdiction of the Center . . 46
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 47
  D. Other provisions . . 49
II. Sources tor the Preliminary Draft . . 51
III. The regional consultative meetings . . 53
  A. Discussions regarding the establishment and organization of the Center . . 56
  B. Discussions regarding the jurisdiction of the Center . . 57
  C. Discussions regarding conciliation and arbitration . . 60
  D. Discussions regarding int proceedings, amendments and participation in the Convention . . 62

5. Finalizing the Text of the Convention . . 65
I. The First Draft . . 68
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 68
  B. Provisions on the jurisdtion of the Center . . 70
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 71
  D. Other provisions . . 74
II. The Legal Committee meetings . . 75
  A. Discussions regarding the establishment and organization of the Centre . . 77
  B. Discussions regarding the jurisdiction of the Centre . . 79
  C. Discussions regarding conciliation and arbitration . . 83
  D. Discussions of other provisions . . 87
III. Concluding steps . . 89
  A. The final meetings of the Committee of the Whole . . 90
  B. Approval of the final text . . 94

6. Establishment and Launch of the Centre . . 95
I. The Inaugural meeting of the Administrative Council . . 97
  A. Election of thtfirst Secretary-General of ICSID . . 98
  B. Adoption of the Provisional Regulations and Rules . . 100
  C. Approval of administrative and budgetary arrangement . . 101
II. The Provisional Regulations and Rules of the Centre . . 102
  A. The Provisional Administrative and Financial Regulations . . 103
  B. The Provisional Institution Rules . . 107
  C. The Provisional Conciliation Rules and Provisional Arbitration Rules . . 108
III. The Memorandum of Administrative Arrangements . . 112
IV. The first annual meeting of the Administrative Council . . 113
  A. The definitive Regulations and Rules . . 115
  B. The arrangements with the Permanent Court of Arbitration . . 117

7. ICSID's First Two Decades . . 119
I. Institutional developments . . 122
  A. Ratifications of the Convention . . 122
  B. The Administrative Council . . 122
  C. The Secretariat . . 125
  D. Designations to the Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 128
  E. Other measures by Contracting States pursuant to the Convention . . 130
II. Promoting consents to the jurisdiction of ICSID . . 132
III. An overview of the early cases . . 135
IV. The 1984 amendments of the ICSID Regulations and Rules . . 138
V. The Additional Facility . . 141
  A. The initial proposal for an Additional Facility . . 141
  B. The draft Additional Facility Rules . . 145
  C. Adoption of the Additional Facility Rules . . 147
  D. Continuation of the Additional Facility . . 149
VI. The appointing authority role . . 151
VII. The investment law publishing activities . . 153

8. Aspects of the Early Cases . . 157
I. Registration of requests to institute proceedings . . 158
II. The constitution of commissions and tribunals . . 161
III. Approaches to jurisdiction . . 165
IV. Provisional measures . . 173
V. Applicable law . . 178
VI. Annulment decisions of the 1980s . . 185
VII. Enforcement of awards . . 191

9. ICSID from 1989 to 1999 . . 195
I. The growing network of investment treaties . . 198
II. Institutional developments . . 204
  A. Ratificaions of the Convention . . 204
  B. The Secretariat . . 205
  C. The Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 207
  D. Agreements with other arbitration institutions . . 208
III. An overview of cases submitted to ICSID between 1989 and 1999 . . 208
IV. The first Additional Facility Proceedings . . 213
V. Some leading BIT cases of the 1990s . . 224
  A. Fedax v Venezuela . . 225
  B. Vivendi v Argentina. . . 227
  C. Maffezini v Spain . . 229
  D. Wena v Egypt . . 231

10. ICSID from 2000 to 2010 . . 235
I. Institutional developments . . 241
  A. Ratifications of the Convention . . 241
  B. The Secretariat . . 241
  C. The Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 245
II. The 2003 amendments of the Regulations and Rules . . 246
III. The 2006 amendments of the Regulations and Rules . . 249
IV. An overview of the expanded caseload . . 257

11. Aspects of the New Cases . . 261
I. Registration of requests to institute proceedings . . 261
II. The constitution of commissions and tribunals . . 264
  A. Patterns in the appointment of conciliators and arbitrators . . 264
  B. Resignations and disqualification piposals . . 266
  C. Published decisions on disqualification proposals . . 268
  D. Disqualification criteria . . 273
III. Approaches to jurisdiction . . 275
  A. Dasions regarding the meaning of "investment" . . 276
  B. Decisions differentiating between contract claims and treaty claims . . 285
  C. Decisions on the role of MFN clauses in establishing jurisdiction . . 293
IV. Provisional measures . . 296
  A. Decisions on the binding effect of provisional measures . . 297
  B. Decisions on requests for security for costs . . 301
V. Applicable Law . . 303
VI. Annulment decisions . . 307
VII. Enforcement of awards . . 314

12. Conclusion . . 321

Appendices
I. Working Paper in the Form of a Draft Convention for the Resolution of Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, June 5, 1962 . . 331
II. Preliminary Draft of a Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, October 15, 1963 . . 348
III. Draft Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (First Draft), September 11, 1964 . . 372
IV. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States and Accompanying Report of the Executive Directors, March 18, 1965 . . 394

Select Bibliography . . 419
Index . . 425

Table of Cases . . xv
Table of Legislation . . xxiii
List of Contributors . . xli
Introduction . . 1

1. Investigations with an International Dimension . . 7
A. Introduction . . 1.01
B. Organization of an International Investigation . . 1.09
C. Self-reporting Issues . . 1.19
D. Regulatory Coordination . . 1.27
E. Capital Market Issues . . 1.38
F. Data Protection Issues . . 1.45
G. Employee Issues . . 1.58
H. Privilege Issues . . 1.73

2. Data Protection under European Community Law . . 29
Overview . . 2.01
A. Data Protection Directive . . 2.03
B. Initial Collection . . 2.17
C. Intra-group Sharing . . 2.30
D. External Advisers . . 2.43
E. Regulators . . 2.50

3. Investigations in the United States . . 47
A. Introduction . . 3.01
B. US Regulatory Scheme . . 3.03
C. The Current Regulatory Environment . . 3.27
D. US Regulatory Investigations . . 3.32
E. Compulsory Process: Subpoenas . . 3.59
F. Alternative to Subpoenas: International Agreements and Diplomacy . . 3.83
G. Conducting Internal Investigations in the United States— Background and Recent Trends . . 3.94
H. Potential Waiver of Privilege and Exposure to Civil Liability . . 3.129
I. Independence . . 3.137
J. How to Conduct an Internal Investigation . . 3.148

4. Investigations in the United Kingdom . . 109
A. Introduction . . 4.01
B. Regulators . . 4.05
C. Powers of Regulators . . 4.23
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 4.51
E. Self-reporting . . 4.111
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 4.118
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 4.136
H. Data Protection . . 4.150
I. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 4.188
J. Managing Regulators . . 4.214
K. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 4.235
L. Concluding an Investigation . . 4.281
M. Litigation Risks . . 4.292
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 4.325
O. Conclusion . . 4.338

5. Investigations in the Netherlands . . 183
A. Introduction . . 5.01
B. Regulators . . 5.08
C. Powers of Regulators . . 5.37
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 5.53
E. Self-reporting . . 5.74
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 5.78
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 5.99
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 5.127
I. Managing Regulators . . 5.139
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 5.143
K. Concluding an Investigation . . 5.168
L. Litigation Risks . . 5.174
M. Settlement with Regulators . . 5.190
N. Conclusion . . 5.198

6. Investigations in Germany . . 225
A. Introduction . . 6.01
B. Regulators . . 6.08
C. Powers of Regulators . . 6.35
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 6.52
E. Self-reporting Obligations . . 6.76
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 6.79
G. Key Points for Public Relations Strategies . . 6.95
H. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 6.100
I. Data Protection . . 6.115
J. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 6.134
K. Managing Regulators . . 6.158
L. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 6.162
M. Winding up an Internal Investigation . . 6.191
N. Reporting Obligations . . 6.198
O. Litigation Risks . . 6.199
P. Settlement with Regulators . . 6.213
Q. Conclusion . . 6.219

7. Investigations in France . . 277
A. Introduction . . 7.01
B. Regulators . . 7.05
C. Powers of Regulators . . 7.49
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 7.79
E. Self-reporting . . 7.103
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 7.109
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 7.124
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 7.155
I. Managing Regulators . . 7.165
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 7.175
K. Winding up an Investigation . . 7.217
L. Litigation Risks . . 7.223
M. Settlement with Regulators . . 7.237
N. Conclusion . . 7.248

8. Investigations in Spain . . 323
A. Introduction . . 8.01
B. Regulators . . 8.14
C. Powers of Regulators . . 8.61
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 8.91
E. Self-reporting . . 8.111
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 8.121
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 8.134
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 8.159
I. Managing Regulators . . 8.180
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 8.190
K. Winding up an Investigation . . 8.223
L. Reporting Obligations . . 8.230
M. Litigation Risks . . 8.236
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 8.246
O. Conclusion . . 8.265
Annex 8.1 . . 369

9. Investigations in Italy . . 371
A. Introduction . . 9.01
B. Regulators . . 9.07
C. Powers of Regulators . . 9.45
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 9.65
E. Self-reporting . . 9.82
F. Announcements and Public Relations . . 9.89
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 9.102
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 9.129
I. Managing Regulators . . 9.143
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 9.153
K. Winding up an Internal Investigation . . 9.177
L. Reporting Obligations . . 9.179
M. Litigation Risks . . 9.183
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 9.190
O. Conclusion . . 9.197

10. Investigations in Hong Kong . . 419
A. Introduction . . 10.01
B. Regulators . . 10.02
C. Powers of Regulators . . 10.31
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 10.43
E. Self-reporting . . 10.53
F. Announcements and Stock Exchange Obligations . . 10.57
G. Public Relations Considerations and Strategies . . 10.62
H. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 10.67
I. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 10.79
J. Managing Regulators . . 10.92
K. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 10.98
L. Winding up an Investigation . . 10.121
M. Reporting Obligations . . 10.126
N. Litigation Risks . . 10.128
O. Settlement with Regulators . . 10.143
P. Conclusion . . 10.155

11. Investigations in Japan . . 449
A. Introduction . . 11.01
B. Regulators . . 11.06
C. Powers of Regulators . . 11.27
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 11.53
E. Self-reporting . . 11.68
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 11.70
G. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 11.81
H. Managing Regulators . . 11.95
I. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 11.104
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 11.119
K. Winding up an Investigation . . 11.138
L. Reporting Obligations . . 11.141
M. Litigation Risks . . 11.149
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 11.160
O. Conclusion . . 11.162

12. Investigations in China . . 483
A. Introduction . . 12.01
B. Regulators . . 12.04
C. Powers of Regulators . . 12.37
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 12.62
E. Self-reporting . . 12.74
F. Stock Exchange Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 12.79
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 12.91
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 12.105
I. Managing Regulators . . 12.07
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 12.111
K. Winding up an Investigation . . 12.125
L. Litigadon Risks . . 12.131
M. Settlement with Regulators . . 12.139
N. Conclusion . . 12.145

13. Investigations in India . . 507
A. Introduction . . 13.01
B. Regulators . . 13.02
C. Powers of Regulators . . 13.30
D. Dealing with Regulators/Investigating Officers . . 13.58
E. Practical Issues Relating to Evidence . . 13.69
F. Issues Relating to Employers . . 13.78
G. Public Issues . . 13.88
H. Concluding an Investigation . . 13.94
I. Settlement with Regulators . . 13.100
J. Litigation Risks . . 13.109
K. Conclusion . . 13.115

14. Investigations in Russia . . 535
A. Introduction . . 14.01
B. Regulators . . 14.04
C. Powers of Regulators . . 14.18
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 14.38
E. Self-reporting . . 14.62
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 14.72
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 14.76
H. Data Protection . . 14.81
I. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 14.92
J. Managing Regulators . . 14.98
K. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 14.107
L. Concluding an Internal Investigation . . 14.114
M. Litigation Risks . . 14.117
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 14.130
O. Conclusion . . 14.133

15. Investigations in Brazil . . 561
A. Introduction . . 15.01
B. Regulators . . 15.07
C. Powers of Regulators . . 15.29
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 15.46
E. Self-reporting . . 15.58
F. External and Internal Communications . . 15.65
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 15.70
H. Data Protection . . 15.72
I. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 15.82
J. Managing Regulators . . 15.94
K. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 15.102
L. Concluding an Investigation . . 15.107
M. Litigation Risks . . 15.109
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 15.118
O. Conclusion . . 15.125

Introduction to Annexes . . 583
Annex 1: Crisis Management . . 584
Annex 2: Disclosures . . 587
Annex 3: Document Management and Privilege . . 589
Annex 4: Employee Issues . . 591
Annex 5: Public Relations Issues . . 593

Index . . 597

Úvod . . 11

I. Nástup mladej generácie
Úvod . . 16
1. Úvaha o mladej slovenskej inteligencii . . 19
2. Zjazd mladej slovenskej generácie v Trenčianskych Tepliciach . . 22
3. Vstup mladých agrárnikov do verejného a politického života . . 26
4. Demonštrácie študentov Univerzity Komenského pod heslom „Na Slovensku po slovensky" . . 29

II. Dozrel slovenský politický národ
Úvod . . 34
5. Tukov proces . . 37
6. Hlinka kontra Masaryk po vystúpení HSĽS z vlády . . 50
7. Zvolenský manifest . . 53
8. Pribinove slávnosti v Nitre . . 57
9. Edvard Beneš: Reč k Slovákom o našej národnej prítomnosti a budúcnosti . . 63
10. Jozef Tiso a Milan Hodža, dva pohľady na slovenskú otázku . . 68
11. Manifest zo 7. zjazdu HSĽS v Piešťanoch . . 71
12. Memorandum Ivana Dérera o zabezpečení československej jednoty . . 73
13. Dve bratislavské manifestácie . . 80

III. Zápas o podobu slovenčiny
Úvod . . 88
14. Rozruch okolo nových pravidiel slovenského pravopisu . . 90
15. Zasadnutie výboru a valného zhromaždenia Matice slovenskej . . 101
16. Jazykovedec Ľudovít Novák a jeho Jazykovedné glosy k československej otázke . . 108

IV. Predstavy o autonómii Slovenska
Úvod . . 114
17. Návrh HSĽS na autonómiu Slovenska z roku 1930 . . 116
18. Návrh HSĽS na autonómiu Slovenska z roku 1938 . . 118
19. Návrh SNŠ na autonómiu Slovenska z roku 1938 . . 125

V. Kultúra a umenie
Úvod . . 130
20. Cesty slovenského výtvarného umenia . . 133
21. Slovenská vážna a populárna hudba . . 142
22. Rozvoj slovenského filmového umenia . . 147
23. Za slovenskú vysokú školu technickú . . 152
24. Demonštrácie proti filmu Golem . . 155
25. Niektoré predpoklady vedeckej práce na Slovensku . . 158

VI. Slovenskí spisovatelia v rušných tridsiatych rokoch
Úvod . . 164
26. Úvaha Martina Rázusa o nedostatkoch vo vlastných radoch . . 165
27. Milo Urban verzus moc . . 168
28. Plamenná výzva Tida J. Gašpara slovenskej inteligencii . . 174
29. Jozef Cíger Hronský o mieste spisovateľa v národe . . 178
30. Kritická reflexia Andreja Žarnova o slovenskej spoločnosti . . 181
31. Prvý kongres slovenských spisovateľov . . 183

VII. Život slovenskej spoločnosti
Úvod . . 187
32. Turisti a horolezci . . 189
33. Ochrana Tatier pred devastáciou . . 191
34. Rozširovanie pôsobnosti Červeného kríža . . 192
35. Zo slovenskej kuchyne . . 193
36. Objavujú sa hracie automaty . . 195
37. Populárny futbal . . 197
38. Rozhlas, kino a divadlo . . 200
39. Manderlák - najvyššia budova v ČSR . . 204
40. Prvý veľký obchod dom na Slovensku . . 209
41. Slovenská strela na železnici . . 210
42. Výchova k brannosti . . 212
43. Prvá visutá lanovka v Tatrách . . 214
44. Zdraženie potravín . . 215

VIII. Hospodárska kríza a jej prekonávanie
Úvod . . 218
45. Milan Hodža. Prečo Slovensko potrebuje regionálny ústav . . 220
46. Nezamestnanosť ako sprievodný prejav hospodárskej krízy . . 225
47. Krviprelievanie v Košútoch a Polomke . . 232
48. Stanovisko slovenských akademikov v Prahe ku kríze . . 239
49. Obilný monopol . . 241
50. Dotuje republika nesebestačné Slovensko? . . 244
51. Oživenie priemyselnej výroby . . 250

IX. Zahraničná politika na historickej križovatke
Úvod . . 260
52. Pohľady zo Slovenska na československo-sovietsku zmluvu z roku 1935 . . 262
53. Úsilie o stredoeurópske dorozumenie . . 266
54. Poľsko - maďarské rokovania o budúcnosti Slovenska . . 271
55. Nemecké dokumenty . . 275
56. Útoky Adolfa Hitlera . . 278
57. Deklarácia o únii Slovenska s Poľskom z 28. septembra 1938 . . 284
58. Mníchovská dohoda . . 289

X. Počasie a spoločnost'
Úvod . . 294
59. Ničivá zima 1929 . . 295
60. Tropické leto 1929 . . 298
61. Teplá zima 1936 . . 300
62. Polárna žiara? . . 301

Prílohy
Prehľad najvýznamnejších udalostí 1929 - 1938 . . 306
Odporúčané knižné edície prameňov . . 318
Výberový register - menný . . 361
Výberový register - miestny . . 366

Předmluva . . 7

I. kapitola: Principy ius ad bellum . . 19
1. Zdůvodnění principů: sebeurčení, rovná suverenita a neintervence . . 19
2. Principy ius ad bellum . . 44
3. Revize principů? O vlastní pomoci a hrozbě kluzkého svahu . . 71

II. kapitola: Preventivní a předjímající válka . . 99
1. Idea preventivní války . . 101
2. Idea předjímající intervence . . 104

III kapitola: Válka za národní osvobození . . 113
1. Právo na národní sebeurčení . . 115
2. Boj za národní osvobození . . 123

IV. kapitola: Občanská válka . . 128
1. Legitimita občanské války . . 128
2. Vojenské zasahování do občanské války . . 130

V. kapitola: Humanitární intervence a odpovědnost ochraňovat . . 146
1. Legitimita humanitární intervence . . 148
2. Prostředky a cíle humanitární intervence . . 152
3. Charakter normativních závazků . . 159
4. Spravedlivá distribuce závazků . . 161
5. Odpovědnost ochraňovat . . 174

VI. kapitola: Principy ius in bello. Distribuce práv a povinností ve spravedlivé a nespravedlivé válce . . 184
1. Práva a povinnosti vojáků . . 185
2. Práva a povinnosti civilistů . . 195
3. Koncept dvojího účinku . . 200
4. Revize principů ius in bello? . . 214

VII. kapitola: Atentátníci a teroristé aneb o hrdinech a vrazích . . 224
1. Atentátníci v roli hrdinů a vrahů . . 227
2. Normativní charakter teroristů . . 236

VIII. kapitola: Státník v roli tragického hrdiny? Principy spravedlivé války a nejvyšší ohrožení . . 248
1. Napětí mezi principy a kluzký svah . . 253
2. Stav nejvyššího ohrožení . . 260
3. Tragický hrdina a špinavé ruce . . 267
4. O trestu, odpuštění a usmíření . . 274

IX. kapitola: Hrozba jaderné války. O odstrašováni, zadržování a změně režimu . . 287
1. Spory o povahu hrozeb . . 288
2. Alternativy nemorálních hrozeb . . 302

Summary . . 315
Seznam literatury . . 323
Jmenný rejstřík . . 349

Alois Musil a jeho svět islámu: nový zájem a poznatky . . 7
Teologické obrysy myšlení a díla Aloise Musila . . 17
Musilova kniha o islámu v kontextu jeho tvorby po roce 1918 . . 39

Alois Musil — Ze světa islámu . . 73

Obrazová příloha . . 387
Vybrané práce v českém jazyce doporučené k tématu . . 421
Ediční poznámka . . 424
Přepis arabských slov . . 428
Jmenný rejstřík . . 429

Úvod . . 9

I. KAPITOLA - Zahraničnopolitické úvahy (česko)slovenských politických strán v rokoch 1918 - 1938 . . 13
Formovanie zahraničnopolitických predstáv . . 13
Republikánska strana zemedelského a maloroľníckeho ľudu. Československá sociálnodemokratická strana robotnícka . . 23
Hlinková slovenská ľudová strana (do roku 1925 Slovenská ľudová strana) . . 27
Komunistická strana Československa . . 33
Slovanská vzájomnosť a solidarita . . 34
Revizionistické kampane . . 38
Emigrácia . . 41
Ohrozenie štátu v 30. rokoch minulého storočia . . 43
Agrárnici a sociálni demokrati . . 48
Ľudová strana . . 54
Komunisti . . 63
Slovenská národná strana . . 66
Aktivity iredentistickej slovenskej emigrácie . . 69
Udržanie územnej integrity republiky . . 72

II. KAPITOLA - Nacistické Nemecko a Cesko-Slovensko (1938 - 1939) . . 81
Po Mníchovskej dohode . . 81
Vojenské plány na rozbitie Cesko-Slovenska . . 93
Zahraničnopolitické podmienky likvidácie republiky . . 98
Slovensko v politike tretej ríše . . 101
Nemecko a nové štátoprávne usporiadanie republiky . . 104
Aktivity nacistických politikov a tajných služieb na Slovensku . . 107
Nacistické plány na utvorenie samostatného slovenského štátu . . 110
Plánovaný prevrat pod vedením Vojtecha Tuku . . 118

III. KAPITOLA - Informácie o nacistických plánoch proti Česko-Slovensku . . 131
Úvahy o agresívnych zámeroch nacistického Nemecka po Mníchovskej dohode . . 131
Maďarsko . . 134
Poľsko . . 137
Taliansko . . 140
Veľká Británia . . 142
Francúzsko . . 147
Sovietsky zväz . . 150
Československé spravodajské služby . . 154
Informácie o plánoch nacistov v slovenskom prostredí . . 166

IV. KAPITOLA - Zahraničná politika ústrednej vlády . . 173
Medzinárodné postavenie druhej republiky . . 173
Eduard Beneš a druhá republika . . 181
Autonómna a ústredná vláda . . 185
Predstavy o organizácii bezpečnosti republiky . . 191
Splnenie územných požiadaviek, podmienka udelenia garancii . . 197
Československý projekt garancií . . 211
Nacistické Nemecko a garancie Cesko-Slovenska . . 214
Taliansko . . 216
Francúzsko . . 217
Veľká Británia . . 219
Nový projekt garancií . . 222

V. KAPITOLA - Zahraničnopolitické aktivity ľudovej strany . . 229
Slovensko po Mníchovskej dohode . . 229
Štátoprávne zmeny v republike . . 235
Radikálne krídlo ľudovej strany a samostatnosť Slovenska . . 243
Štátoprávne predstavy umierneného krídla HSĽS . . 247
Zahraničné kontakty HSĽS . . 253
Predstavy o organizácii bezpečnosti Slovenskej krajiny . . 260
Prezentovanie štátoprávnych zmien v zahraničí . . 265
Návšteva Vojtecha Tuku u Adolfa Hitlera . . 271
Postavenie autonómneho Slovenska v kontexte medzinárodných vzťahov . . 277
Vzťahy k susedom . . 286
Začiatky slovenskej diplomacie . . 291

VI. KAPITOLA - Politické strany a medzinárodný vývoj v období autonómie . . 295
Ľudová strana . . 295
Agrárnici a sociálni demokrati v autonómnom Slovensku . . 324
Slovenská národná strana . . 341
Slovenskí komunisti . . 345
Politické strany a vývoj v autonómnom Slovensku . . 349

VII. KAPITOLA - Tretia ríša a vznik Slovenského štátu . . 353
Vojenský zásah ústrednej vlády na Slovensku . . 353
Účasť nacistického Nemecka na vzniku Slovenského štátu . . 374
Misia Wilhelma Kepplera v Bratislave 12. marca 1939 . . 387
Cesta Jozefa Tisa do Berlina . . 391
14. marec 1939 . . 402

Záver . . 421
Pramene a literatúra . . 427
Summary . . 453
Menný register . . 457

ZÁPADNÉ SLOVENSKO
Šamorín je mesto Panny Márie . . 8
Stredoveký kostolík na brehu Dunaja . . 14
Pohrebná kaplnka Aponiovcov v Malinové . . 18
Dva poklady z Bíne . . 22
Stratený kláštor v požitavských lesoch . . 26
Do rodiska svätého Gorazda . . 30
Púť do Marianky . . 36
Pustý kostolík pri Svätom Jure . . 40
Kalvárie na úpätí Malých Karpát . . 44
Hlohovec je mesto ruží a náboženských pamiatok . . 50
Najdlhšie sa vykonáva liturgia v Kostoľanoch pod Tríbečom . . 54
Poklady kostola v Pukanci . . 58
Všetky cesty vedú do Šaštína . . 64
Kostol s menom Katarínka . . 68
Kodifikovaná slovenčina - od fary v Hlbokom po ťaru v Čachticiach (1843 - 1847) . . 72
Opevnený kostol v Pobedime . . 74
Kaplnka na Vrchhore . . 76
Jurko pod Marhátom . . 78
Opustený kostol v Kšinnej . . 82
K prameňu národnej rieky Nitra . . 84
Preduhorský kostol v Kopčanoch . . 90
Putujeme k svätým Andrejovi-Svoradovi a Benediktovi . . 94
Neznámy a opustený kostolík v Pominovci . . 98

STREDNÉ SLOVENSKO
Zvonicu v Starej Haliéi pošta vi mlynár . . 102
V krupinskom kostole vyjednávali mier . . 106
Najkrajšia kalvária je v Banskej Štiavnici . . 110
Opustený nemecký kostol v Lúčkach . . 116
Krížová cesta s kalváriou v Hliníku nad Hronom je krásna . . 120
Geografický stred Európy . . 122
Detvianske vyrezávané kríže . . 128
Putovanie k Studničke v Starých Horách a do Šašovej . . 134
Kráľov kostol v obci Kráľ . . 140
Gemerská gotická cesta . . 142
K hrobu slovenského rozprávkara v Drienčanoch . . 146
Prvé slovenské katolícke gymnázium v Kláštore pod Znievom . . 150
Galéria nástenných malieb v Turčianskom Jasene . . 154
Záhadný stredoveký kostol v Ludrovej . . 158
Templári v Martinčeku . . 162
Klenot liptovských kostolov v Liptovských Matiašovciach . . 168
Slovenský betlehem v Rajeckej Lesnej . . 172
Oravské kostolíky . . 176

VÝCHODNÉ SLOVENSKO
Úžasný kostol v Štítniku . . 180
Husitský kostol v Lúčke . . 184
Najvýchodnejší kláštor je v Lelese . . 188
Púť na Mariánsku horu . . 192
Cez Spišský Jeruzalem do Zehry . . 198
Kežmarok - mesto hornouhorského kráľa Tôkôliho . . 202
Ohromujúci náboženský areál v Ľutine . . 208
Kalvária v Prešove - druhá najkrajšia v Uhorsku . . 214
Zjavenie Panny Márie v Litmanovej . . 220
Pútnické miesto Gaboltov . . 226
Najstarší drevený kostol je v Hervartove . . 232
Najkrajšia gotická madona je z Ďapaloviec . . 234
Cerkvi východného obradu . . 238
Drevené kostolíky najvýchodnejšieho Slovenska . . 244

Maps and Tables . . x
Acknowledgments . . xi
Abbreviations . . xv
Glossary . . xvii

Introduction . . 1

THE CHALLENGE: UNEQUAL CITIZENSHIP
1 Comparative Perspectives on Citizen Creation in Africa . . 19
2 The Historical Context for Modern Ethiopian Citizenship . . 44

THE RESPONSE: THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENS
3 Popular Responses to Unequal Citizenship . . 91
4 A Referendum on Ethnic Identity and the Claims of Citizenship . . 120
5 No Going Back on Self-Determination for the Oromo . . 139
6 Ethiopian Women and Citizenship Rights Deferred Conclusion . . 192

Appendix I Methodology . . 205
Appendix II Questionnaire for Parents and Community Members (English) . . 210
Appendix III Questionnaire for School Directors . . 214
Appendix IV Questionnaire for Teachers . . 217
Bibliography . . 221
Index . . 243

Table of Cases . . xxi
Table of Conventions, Instruments, and Legislation . . xxvi
List of Abbreviations . . xxxvii

1. From GATT to the WTO . . 1
2. Disciplining Trade Instruments in the GATT . . 56
3. Most Favoured Nation and Exceptions . . 129
4. Demesne Instruments . . 231
5. Deviating from WTO Obligations . . 324
6. Agreements Dealing with Customs Procedures . . 382
7. Antidumping . . 408
8. Subsidies . . 520
9. Safeguards . . 605
10. Technical Barriers to Trade: Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures . . 668
11. Agreement on Agriculture; Agreement on Textiles and Clothing . . 743
12. Government Procurement . . 798
13. Transparency . . 816
Conclusions . . 840

References . . 846
Index . . 891