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Food waste and sustainable food waste management in the Baltic Sea region

Obrazy
Autor
Walter Leal Filho, Marina Kovaleva
Place of publication
Cham

Publisher

Publication date
2015
Table of Contents

1 Introduction . . 1
1.1 Scope . . 4
1.1.1 Food Losses . . 5
1.1.2 Food Residuals . . 6
1.1.3 By-Products, Including Animal By-Products . . 6
1.1.4 Food Waste . . 6
References . . 6

2 Literature Review . . 9
2.1 Legislation . . 10
2.2 Waste Management Hierarchy . . 11
2.2.1 Differences and Similarities in the Waste Management Hierarchies . . 14
2.3 Bio-Waste . . 17
2.4 Food Waste . . 20
References . . 26

3 Causes of Food Waste Generation . . 31
3.1 Consumer Behaviour . . 31
3.2 Lack of Awareness . . 34
3.3 Labelling . . 35
3.5 Food Merchandising . . 37
3.6 Legislation/Regulations as an Obstacle . . 38
3.6.1 European Marketing Standards . . 39
3.7 Companies Private Standards and Reputation . . 39
3.8 Overproduction and Excess Stock . . 40
3.9 Food Prices/Financial Incentives . . 41
3.10 Technical Factors . . 43
3.10.1 Storage . . 43
3.10.2 Stock Transportation . . 44
3.10.3 Poor Packaging . . 44
References . . 48

4 Methods of Food Waste Reduction . . 51
4.1 Public Awareness Raising/Education . . 51
4.1.1 Awareness Campaigns and Informativeness . . 52
4.1.2 Guidelines . . 52
4.1.3 Education . . 53
4.2 Food Recovery and Redistribution . . 53
4.3 Legislation—Governmental Interventions . . 55
4.4 Economic Incentives/Financial Instruments . . 57
4.4.1 Negative . . 58
4.4.2 Positive . . 59
4.5 Forecasting and Correct Inventory Management/Planning . . 59
4.6 Packaging . . 61
4.7 Labelling . . 61
4.8 Companies Initiatives . . 62
4.9 Separate Collection of Food Waste . . 64
4.10 Alternative Use . . 65
4.10.1 Energy Recovery . . 65
4.10.2 Novel Added-Value Materials/Products . . 68
References . . 77

5 Research Methods . . 81

6 Overview of the Baltic Region Countries . . 83
6.1 Main Economic Activities . . 83
6.1.1 Belarus . . 83
6.1.2 Estonia . . 85
6.1.3 Germany . . 87
6.1.4 Latvia . . 87
6.1.5 Lithuania . . 87
6.1.6 Poland . . 88
6.1.7 Sweden . . 89
6.2 Renewable Energy . . 90
6.3 Food Consumption and Undernourishment . . 91
6.3.1 Poverty Level . . 91
6.3.2 Undernourishment . . 92
6.3.3 European Food Aid . . 93
6.3.4 Food Expenditures . . 94
6.4 Biodegradable Waste . . 96
6.4.1 Legislation . . 96
6.4.2 Waste Generation and Treatment . . 96
References . . 103

7 The State of the Problem of Food Waste in the Baltic Region Countries . . 107
7.1 Food Waste Generation in the Baltic . . 107
7.1.1 Food Waste Amounts According to the FAO Food Balance Sheets . . 110
7.1.2 Food Waste Generated Based on the FAO Technical Conversion Factors—Extraction Rates . . 124
7.1.3 Belarus . . 125
7.1.4 Estonia . . 129
7.1.5 Germany . . 129
7.1.6 Latvia . . 134
7.1.7 Lithuania . . 135
7.1.8 Poland . . 137
7.1.9 Sweden . . 139
7.2 Food Waste Treatment . . 144
7.2.1 Belarus . . 145
7.2.2 Biological Treatment in Belarus . . 146
7.2.3 Estonia . . 147
7.2.4 Germany . . 149
7.2.5 Latvia . . 154
7.2.6 Lithuania . . 156
7.2.7 Poland . . 158
7.2.8 Sweden . . 161
References . . 170

8 Discussion . . 177
8.1 Food Waste Generation . . 178
8.1.1 Food Waste Amounts According to the FAO Food Balance Sheets . . 180
8.1.2 Food Waste Generated Based on the FAO Technical Conversion Factors—Extraction Rates . . 181
8.1.3 Situation in Individual Countries . . 181
8.2 Food Waste Treatment . . 186
8.2.1 Belarus . . 186
8.2.2 Estonia . . 187
8.2.3 Germany . . 188
8.2.4 Latvia . . 189
8.2.5 Lithuania . . 189
8.2.6 Poland . . 190
8.2.7 Sweden . . 192
References . . 192

9 Conclusions and Recommendations . . 193
9.1 Conclusions . . 193
9.1.1 Belarus . . 194
9.1.2 Estonia . . 195
9.1.3 Germany . . 195
9.1.4 Latvia . . 196
9.1.5 Lithuania . . 197
9.1.6 Poland . . 197
9.1.7 Sweden . . 198
9.2 Recommendations . . 199
9.2.1 Belarus . . 200
9.2.2 Estonia . . 201
9.2.3 Germany . . 201
9.2.4 Latvia . . 202
9.2.5 Lithuania . . 202
9.2.6 Poland . . 203
9.2.7 Sweden . . 203
References . . 204

Appendix A: Questionnaire in English . . 205
Appendix B: Questionnaire in Russian . . 211
Glossary . . 217

Series
(Environmental Science and Engineering. Environmental Science)

Kompendium der Mediengestaltung : [Digital und Print]. 4, Medienproduktion Digital

Obrazy
Autor
J. Böhringer [et al.]
Place of publication
Berlin

Publisher

Publication date
2014
Table of Contents

1 Webdesign
1.1 Einführung . . 3
1.1.1 Interview zum Thema . . 4
1.1.2 Standortbestimmung . . 6
1.1.3 Workflow digitaler Produkte . . 9
1.1.4 Webdesign - Printdesign . . 13
1.1.5 Aufgaben . . 16
1.2 Interfacedesign . . 19
1.2.1 Content versus Design . . 20
1.2.2 Usability . . 24
1.2.3 Informationsdesign . . 29
1.2.4 Interaktionsdesign . . 35
1.2.5 Barrierefreies Webdesign . . 38
1.2.6 Aufgaben . . 43
1.3. Screendesign . . 45
1.3.1 Von der Idee zum Mockup . . 46
1.3.2 Layout . . 50
1.3.3 Farbe . . 59
1.3.4 Typografie und Schrift . . 64
1.3.5 Navigation . . 70
1.3.6 Sound . . 78
1.3.7 Aufgaben . . 80

2 Webseiten . . 83
2.1 HTML5 . . 85
2.1.1 Einführung . . 86
2.1.2 HTML5-Dateien . . 90
2.1.3 Meta-Tags . . 95
2.1.4 Dokument- und Textstruktur . . 96
2.1.5 Tabellen . . 99
2.1.6 Hyperlinks . . 100
2.1.7 Navigation . . 104
2.1.8 Bilder und Grafiken . . 106
2.1.9 Formulare . . 110
2.1.10 Multimedia . . 116
2.1.11 Webbrowser . . 118
2.1.12 Aufgaben . . 120
2.2 CSS3 . . 125
2.2.1 Einführung . . 126
2.2.2 Definition von CSS3 . . 129
2.2.3 Selektoren . . 132
2.2.4 Maßeinheiten . . 137
2.2.5 Farben . . 139
2.2.6 Typografische Gestaltung . . 141
2.2.7 Layouten . . 147
2.2.8 Media-Queries . . 155
2.2.9 Animationen . . 164
2.2.10 Aufgaben . . 170
2.3. Bilder und Grafiken . . 175
2.3.1 Einführung . . 176
2.3.2 Pixelgrafik . . 178
2.3.3 Vektorgrafik . . 183
2.3.4 Aufgaben . . 185
2.4 Online . . 187
2.4.1 Domain-Name . . 188
2.4.2 Rechtliche Aspekte . . 190
2.4.3 Testumgebung . . 192
2.4.4 Webhosting . . 195
2.4.6 Aufgaben . . 197

3 Programmieren . . 199
3.1 Grundlagen . . 201
3.1.1 Einführung . . 202
3.1.2 Variable . . 204
3.1.3 Verzweigungen . . 207
3.1.4 Schleifen .. 209
3.1.5 Felder (Arrays) . . 211
3.1.6 Funktionen (Methoden) . . 212
3.1.7 Objektorientierte Programmierung (OOP) . . 214
3.1.8 Guter Programmierstil . . 218
3.1.9 Aufgaben . . 219
3.2 JavaScript und Ajax . . 223
3.2.1 Einführung . . 224
3.2.2 Fenster . . 227
3.2.3 Formulare . . 230
3.2.4 Spamschutz . . 233
3.2.5 Ajax . . 234
3.2.6 Aufgaben . . 241
3.3 PHP
3.3.1 Einführung . . 244
3.3.2 Datum und Uhrzeit . . 249
3.3.3 Dateizugriff . . 250
3.3.4 Formularzugriff . . 252
3.3.5 Datenbankzugriff . . 256
3.3.6 Textverarbeitung . . 267
3.3.7 Aufgaben . . 270

4 Flash . . 273
4.1. Grundlagen . . 275
4.1.1 Einführung . . 276
4.1.2 Flash-Filme erstellen . . 278
4.1.3 Animationstechniken . . 291
4.1.4 Aufgaben . . 300
4.2 ActionScript 3 . . 303
4.2.1 Einführung . . 304
4.2.2 Zeitleiste steuern . . 306
4.2.3 Dynamischer Text . . 308
4.2.4 Bilder laden . . 311
4.2.5 Sound steuern . . 312
4.2.6 Animationen . . 315
4.2.7 Aufgaben . . 319

5 Content-Managment System . . 321
5.1 CMS Grundlagen . . 323
5.1.1 Was ist ein CMS? . . 324
5.1.2 Prinzip eines CMS . . 325
5.1.3 Aufgaben . . 329
5.2. CMS - Praxis . . 331
5.2.1 Joomla! . . 331
5.2.2 Lokale Entwicklungsumgebungen . . 333
5.2.3 Joomla!-lnstallation . . 335
5.2.4 Kurzes Briefing einer Beispielsite . . 337
5.2.5 Anmeldung und Nutzerverwaltung . . 338
5.2.6 Kategorien und Beiträge . . 339
5.2.7 Menüs . . 342
5.2.8 Templates . . 343
5.2.9 Erweiterungen, Module und Plug-ins . . 345
5.2.10 Umzug auf einen Webserver . . 348
5.2.11 Aufgaben . . 350

6 Mobiles Web . . 353
6.1 Mobiles Webdesign . . 355
6.1.1 (Kurz-)Geschichte . . 356
6.1.2 Medienkonvergenz . . 357
6.1.3 Layout . . 358
6.1.4 Navigation . . 363
6.1.5 Technische Aspekte . . 366
6.1.6 Aufgaben . . 369
6.2 App-Programmierung . . 371
6.2.1 Apps . . 372
6.2.2 Entwicklungsumgebungen . . 374
6.2.3 PhoneGap-App erstellen . . 376
6.2.4 PhoneGap Build . . 379
6.2.5 Aufgaben . . 381

7 Social Media . . 383
7.1 Social-Media-Marketing . . 385
7.1.1 Was ist Social Media? . . 386
7.1.2 Social-Media-Kanäle . . 387
7.1.3 Social-Media-Nutzung . . 391
7.1.4 Social-Media-Strategie . . 394
7.1.5 Social-Media-Monitoring . . 406
7.1.6 Aufgaben . . 409
7.2 Social-Media-Plattformen . . 411
7.2.1 Soziale Netzwerke . . 412
7.2.2 Blogs . . 418
7.2.3 Medien-Plattformen . . 422
7.2.4 Aufgaben . . 427

8 E-Book . . 429
8.1 Grundlagen . . 431
8.1.1 Überblick . . 432
8.1.2 E-Book-Formate . . 437
8.1.3 E-Book-Reader . . 440
8.1.4 E-Book-Nutzung . . 442
8.1.5 Digital Rights Management . . 444
8.1.6 Aufgaben . . 447
8.2 Erstellung und Distribution . . 449
8.2.1 E-Book-Konzeption . . 450
8.2.2 E-Book-Erstellung . . 452
8.2.3 E-Book-Distribution . . 454
8.2.4 Aufgaben . . 457

9 Audiovisuelle Medien . . 459
9.1 Filmgestaltung . . 461
9.1.1 Konzeption . . 462
9.1.2 Aufnahme . . 464
9.1.3 Schnitt . . 468
9.1.4 Aufgaben . . 470
9.2 Animation . . 473
9.2.1 Prinzipien der Animation . . 474
9.2.2 Grundlegende Animationstechniken . . 479
9.2.3 Spezielle SD-Animationstechniken . . 486
9.2.4 Aufgaben . . 489
9.3 Virtuelle Weiten (3D) . . 491
9.3.1 Definition virtuelle Welt (3D) . . 492
9.3.2 3D-Visualisierung von Geoinformationen . . 494
9.3.3 Virtuelle Realität und Panoramafotograe . . 496
9.3.4 Kugelpanorama . . 502
9.3.5 Objektdarstellungen . . 504
9.3.6 3D-Welt und Stereoskopie . . 509
9.3.7 Anwendungsbeispiele virtueller Welten . . 511
9.3.8 3D-Software . . 518
9.3.9 Aufgaben . . 519
9.4 Audiotechnik . . 521
9.4.1 Physiologie des Hörens . . 522
9.4.2 Grundbegriffe . . 523
9.4.3 Digitale Audiotechnik . . 526
9.4.4 Audioformate . . 530
9.4.5 Audiohardware . . 533
9.4.6 Soundbearbeitung . . 540
9.4.7 MIDI . . 544
9.4.8 Aufgaben . . 545
9.5 Videotechnik . . 549
9.5.1 Grundlagen der Fernsehtechnik . . 550
9.5.2 Videosignale . . 553
9.5.3 Videokompression . . 558
9.5.4 Videoformate . . 562
9.5.5 Videohardware . . 565
9.5.6 Postproduktion . . 569
9.5.7 AV-Streaming . . 572
9.5.8 Tonsysteme . . 574
9.5.9 Aufgaben . . 576

10 Anhang . . 579
10.1 Formelsammlung . . 581
10.1.1 I - Konzeption und Gestaltung . . 582
10.1.2 II - Medientechnik . . 584
10.1.3 III - Medienproduktion Print . . 587
10.1.4 IV - Medienproduktion Digital . . 589
10.2 Lösungen . . 593
10.2.1 1 Webdesign . . 594
10.2.2 2 Webseiten . . 600
10.2.3 3 Programmieren . . 610
10.2.4 4 Flash . . 617
10.2.5 5 Content-Management-System . . 619
10.2.6 6 Mobiles Web . . 622
10.2.7 7 Social Media . . 624
10.2.8 8 E-Book . . 627
10.2.9 9 Audiovisuelle Medien . . 631
10.3 Links, Normen, Literatur . . 643
10.3.1 Internetadressen . . 644
10.3.2 DIN-/ISO-Normen . . 649
10.3.3 Literatur . . 652
10.4 Abbildungen . . 657
10.5 Stichwortverzeichnis . . 663

Series
(X.Media.Press)

Guide to psychological assessment with Asians

Obrazy
Autor
Lorraine T. Benuto, Nicholas S. Thaler, Brian D. Leany editors
Place of publication
New York

Publisher

Publication date
2014
Table of Contents

1 Guide to Psychological Assessment with Asians: An Introduction . . 1
2 Cross-Cultural Considerations with Chinese American Clients: A Perspective on Psychological Assessment . . 7
3 Cross-Cultural Considerations with Japanese American Clients: A Perspective on Psychological Assessment . . 27
4 Cross-Cultural Considerations with Korean American Clients: A Perspective on Psychological Assessment . . 43
5 Cross-Cultural Considerations with Asian Indian American Clients: A Perspective on Psychological Assessment . . 61
6 The Assessment of Acculturation, Enculturation, and Culture in Asian-American Samples . . 75
7 The Assessment Interview: A Review of Structured and Semi-structured Clinical Interviews Available for Use Among Asian Clients . . 103
8 Protective Testing with Asian Clients . . 121
9 Assessing Personality Using Self-Report Measures with Asians and Asian Americans . . 135
10 IQ Testing and the Asian-American Client . . 153
11 Assessing Effort and Malingering with the Asian Client . . 165
12 Assessing Depression and Suicidality in Asian-Americans . . 181
13 Assessment of Anxiety with Asians . . 199
14 Assessing Substance-Related Disorders in Asian Americans . . 211
15 Assessing Sexual Dysfunction in Asian Clients . . 225
16 Assessing Eating Pathology in Asian Americans . . 243
17 Personality Disorder Assessment in Asian Americans . . 261
18 Assessing Culture-Bound Syndromes Among Asian-Americans . . 279
19 Assessment of Dementia: Screening for Cognitive Decline with Asian Clients . . 291
20 Assessing for Schizophrenia in Asian Americans . . 305
21 Assessing Sleep Disorders in the Asian Client . . 327
22 Assessing Somatization with Asian American Clients . . 347
23 Assessing the Asian Child and Adolescent: Special Considerations . . 361
24 Assessment of Childhood Behavioral Disorders . . 367
25 School-Based Assessment with Asian Children and Adolescents . . 393
26 Neuropsychological Assessment of Asian-American Children and Adolescents . . 407
27 NeuropsychoIogicaJ Assessment with Asian American Clients . . 427
28 Assessing Risk, Recidivism, and Dangerousness in Asians . . 443
29 Forensic Assessment with the Asian American Client . . 453

Index . . 465

Large-scale magnetic fields in the Universe

Obrazy
Autor
ed. Rainer Beck [et al.]
Place of publication
New York

Publisher

Publication date
2013
Table of Contents

Magnetic Fields in the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe . . 1
The First Magnetic Fields . . 37
Magnetic Fields in Cosmic Particle Acceleration Sources . . 71
Cosmic Rays in Galactic and Extragalactic Magnetic Fields . . 97
Magnetic Fields in Galactic Haloes . . 133
Magnetic Fields in Massive Stars, Their Winds, and Their Nebulae . . 145
Magnetic Fields, Relativistic Particles, and Shock Waves in Cluster Outskirts . . 187
Magnetic Fields in Galaxies . . 215
Magnetic Fields in Supernova Remnants and Pulsar-Wind Nebulae . . 231
The Role of Magnetic Fields in the Interstellar Medium of the Milky Way Evidence from the Diffuse Polarized Radio Emission . . 263
Galaxies in a Box: A Simulated View of the Interstellar Medium . . 281
Magnetic Fields in the Multiphase Interstellar Medium . . 293
The Magnetic Field of the Milky Way from Faraday Rotation of Pulsars and Extragalactic Sources . . 307
Magnetic Fields in Astrophysical Jets: From Launch to Termination . . 325
Current Status of Turbulent Dynamo Theory From Large-Scale to Small-Scale Dynamos . . 371

Series
(Space Science Series of ISSI ; Vol. 39)

Introduction to metal matrix composites : fabrication and recycling

Obrazy
Autor
Yoshinori Nishida
Place of publication
Tokyo

Publisher

Publication date
2013
Table of Contents

1 Introduction . . 1
1.1 Classification and Characteristics of Composites . . 2
1.1.1 Classification of Composites . . 2
1.1.2 Characteristics of Metal Matrix Composites . . 3
1.1.3 Examples of Metal Matrix Composite Products . . 4
1.2 Rule of Mixtures . . 9
1.3 Surface Energy and Interface Energy . . 11
1.4 Thermodynamics on Surfaces . . 16
1.5 Wettability . . 19
1.6 Darcy's Law . . 23
References . . 25

2 Fabrication Processes for Composites . . 27
2.1 Aspects of Fabrication of Composites . . 27
2.1.1 Energy of Fabrication . . 27
2.1.2 Fabrication of Composites by Mechanical Methods . . 31
2.1.3 Mechanical Work and Wetting . . 32
2.2 Classification of Fabrication Methods . . 34
2.3 Comparison of Fabrication Techniques . . 34
2.4 Solid State Fabrication . . 35
2.4.1 Powder Metallurgical Methods . . 35
2.4.2 Mechanical Alloying . . 38
2.4.3 Diffusion Bonding . . 39
2.4.4 Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) . . 40
2.5 Liquid State Fabrication . . 41
2.5.1 Vortex Addition Technique . . 41
2.5.2 Compo-Casting . . 43
2.5.3 Pressureless Infiltration Process . . 44
2.5.4 Ultrasonic Infiltration . . 45
2.6 Gaseous State Fabrication . . 46
2.6.1 CVD . . 46
2.6.2 PVD . . 47
2.7 In Situ Fabrication Process . . 48
2.7.1 Internal Oxidation Process . . 48
2.7.2 Unidirectional Solidification Process . . 49
References . . 50

3 Fabrication by Squeeze Casting . . 53
3.1 Application of Pressure and Fabrication Energy . . 54
3.2 Threshold Pressure . . 56
3.2.1 Case of Random Reinforcement Distribution . . 56
3.2.2 Case of Unidirectional Fiber Distribution . . 57
3.2.3 Measurement of Threshold Pressure . . 58
3.3 Influence of Preheating of Preform . . 58
3.4 Microscopic Analysis of Fluid Flow in Preforms . . 61
References . . 64

4 Theory of Pressure Infiltration . . 67
4.1 Macroscopic Analysis of Fluid Flow in Preforms . . 67
4.1.1 Analysis on the Assumption of Constant Preform Surface Pressure . . 68
4.1.2 Infiltration Velocity Model . . 72
4.2 Infiltration Stop Mechanism . . 88
4.3 Characteristics of Pressure Infiltration Method and Products . . 89
References . . 89

5 Centrifugal Casting of Metal Matrix Composites . . 91
5.1 Infiltration of Molten Metal Using Centrifugal Force . . 91
5.1.1 Pressure Generated at the Surface of Preform . . 92
5.1.2 Infiltration Start Pressure . . 95
5.1.3 Infiltration of Molten Metal into the Preform . . 95
5.1.4 Example Calculations . . 100
5.1.5 Examples of Composites Fabricated Using Centrifugal Force . . 105
5.2 Centrifugal Casting of Particle Dispersed Molten Metal . . 108
References . . 111

6 Properties of Composites . . 113
6.1 Mechanical Properties . . 114
6.1.1 Elastic Modulus . . 114
6.1.2 Strength of Composites . . 120
6.1.3 Fracture of Composites . . 130
6.2 Physical Properties . . 138
6.2.1 Density . . 138
6.2.2 Specific Heat . . 139
6.2.3 Thermal Conductivity . . 140
6.2.4 Thermal Expansion Coefficient . . 142
6.3 Interface . . 147
6.4 New Trends in MMCs . . 148
6.4.1 Carbon/Metal Composites with High Thermal Conductivity . . 148
6.4.2 Smart Composites . . 149
References . . 150

7 Superplasticity of Composites . . 155
7.1 Background for Superplasticity . . 155
7.2 Mechanism of Superplastic Forming . . 156
7.2.1 Superplastic Deformation Mechanism of Alloys . . 157
7.2.2 Superplastic Deformation Mechanism of Composites . . 158
7.3 Production Methods of Superplastic Materials . . 159
References . . 163

8 Materials for the Fabrication of Composites . . 165
8.1 Characteristics of Reinforcements and Matrix Metals . . 166
8.2 Production Processes for Reinforcements . . 168
8.2.1 Ceramic Particles . . 168
8.2.2 Ceramic Fibers and Carbon Fibers . . 169
8.2.3 Ceramic Whiskers . . 175
References . . 178

9 Recycling of Composites . . 181
9.1 Composite Ratio in Products and Re-melting . . 182
9.2 Separation of Fibers or Particles . . 183
9.2.1 State of Composites . . 183
9.2.2 Mechanical Separation of Reinforcements . . 186
9.2.3 Chemical Separation of Reinforcements . . 187
9.3 Separation of Fiber and Metal from Composites . . 189
9.3.1 Chemical Method and Ratio of Separation . . 189
9.3.2 Phenomena Associated with Separation Using Fluxes . . 192
9.4 Entropy of Mixing by the Addition of Reinforcement Particles . . 194
9.4.1 Entropy of Mixing . . 195
9.4.2 Entropy Increase upon the Addition of Particles . . 195
9.5 Assessment of Metal Matrix Composites . . 199
References . . 200

Index . . 201