Biblioteka Uniwersytecka

Preface . . v
Acknowledgements . . ix
List of contributors . . xiii

1 The handicap principle and signalling in collaborative systems . . 1
2 Communication in bacteria . . 11
3 Communication in social networks of territorial animals: networking at different levels in birds and other systems . . 33
4 Communication between hosts and social parasites . . 55
5 Chemical communication and the coordination of social interactions in insects . . 81
6 Chemical communication in societies of rodents . . 97
7 Neurobiology of olfactory communication in the honeybee . . 119
8 Rapid evolution and sexual signals . . 139
9 Communication of mate quality in humans . . 157
10 The extended phenotype within the colony and how it obscures social communication . . 171
11 Synergy in social communication . . 191
12 Conflicting messages: genomic imprinting and internal communication . . 209
13 Language unbound: genomic conflict and psychosis in the origin of modern humans . . 225
14 The evolution of human communication and language . . 249
15 Why teach? The evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of costly information transfer . . 265
16 Grades of communication . . 275

Concluding remarks . . 289
Glossary . . 291
Index . . 295

1 Dogs in historical perspective, and conceptual issues of the study of their behaviour . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . 1
1.2 From behaviourism to cognitive ethology . . 2
1.3 Tinbergen's legacy: four questions plus one . . 8
1.4 Evolutionary considerations . . 11
1.5 What is it like to be a dog? . . 15
1.6 Lupomorphism or babymorphism? . . 16
1.7 Modelling of behaviour . . 17
1.8 An ethocognitive mental model for the dog . . 22
1.9 Conclusions for the future . . 24
Further reading . . 26

2 Methodological issues in the behavioural study of the dog . . 27
2.1 Introduction . . 27
2.2 Finding phenomena and collecting data . . 27
2.3 Making behavioural comparisons . . 30
2.4 Sampling and the problem of single cases (N = 1) . . 35
2.5 A procedural problem in naturalistic observations: the presence of humans . . 37
2.6 How to measure dog behaviour? . . 38
2.7 Asking questions . . 43
2.8 Conclusions for the future . . 45
Further reading . . 45

3 Dogs in anthropogenic environments: society and family . . 47
3.1 Introduction . . 47
3.2 Dogs in human society . . 47
3.3 Interactions between dogs and people in public . . 51
3.4 Dogs in the family . . 53
3.5 Dogs at work . . 56
3.6 Social roles of dogs in human groups . . 56
3.7 Social competition in dog-human groups and their consequences . . 57
3.8 Outcast dogs: life in animal shelters . . 62
3.9 Conclusions for the future . . 65
Further reading . . 65

4 A comparative approach to Canis . . 67
4.1 Introduction . . 67
4.2 Putting things into perspective: an overview of Canis . . 67
4.3 An overview of wolves . . 74
4.4 Wolf and dog: similarities and differences . . 89
4.5 Conclusions for the future . . 92
Further reading . . 93

5 Domestication . . 95
5.1 Introduction . . 95
5.2 Human perspective on dog domestication . . 95
5.3 Archaeology faces phylogenetics . . 101
5.4 Some concepts of evolutionary population biology . . 117
5.5 Emergence of phenotypic novelty . . 119
5.6 A case study of domestication: the fox experiment . . 131
5.7 Conclusions for the future . . 136
Further reading . . 136

6 The perceptual world of the dog . . 137
6.1 Introduction . . 137
6.2 Comparative perspectives . . 137
6.3 Vision . . 139
6.4 Hearing . . 142
6.5 Olfaction . . 144
6.6 Conclusions for the future . . 150
Further reading . . 150

7 Physical-ecological cognition . . 151
7.1 Introduction . . 151
7.2 Orientation in space . . 151
7.3 Spatial problem solving . . 155
7.4 Knowledge about objects . . 156
7.5 Memory for hidden objects . . 158
7.6 Folk physics in dogs? . . 161
7.7 Conclusions for the future . . 163
Further reading . . 163

8 Social cognition . . 165
8.1 Introduction . . 165
8.2 The affiliative aspects of social relationships . . 166
8.3 The agonistic aspects of social relationships . . 170
8.4 Communication in a mixed-species group . . 177
8.5 Play . . 189
8.6 Social learning in dogs . . 191
8.7 Social influence . . 193
8.8 Cooperation . . 196
8.9 Social competence . . 197
8.10 Conclusions for the future . . 200
Further reading . . 200

9 Development of behaviour . . 201
9.1 Introduction . . 201
9.2 What are developmental 'periods'? . . 201
9.3 Rethinking developmental periods in dogs . . 205
9.4 Sensitive periods in development . . 209
9.5 Attraction and attachment . . 214
9.6 Early experience and its influence on behaviour . . 216
9.7 Prediction of behaviour: 'Puppy testing' . . 217
9.8 Conclusions for the future . . 219
Further reading . . 219

10 Temperament and personality . . 221
10.1 Introduction . . 221
10.2 Descriptive approach to personality . . 223
10.3 Functional approach to personality . . 226
10.4 Mechanistic approach . . 230
10.5 Conclusions for the future . . 234
Further reading . . 235

11 Afterword: Heading towards 21st-century science . . 237
11.1 Comparare necesse est! . . 237
11.2 Natural model . . 237
11.3 Evolving dogs . . 237
11.4 Behavioural modelling . . 239
11.5 Ethical implications and researchers' mission . . 240
11.6 Dog genome and bioinformatics . . 241
11.7 Taws in hands' . . 241

References . . 243
Index . . 267

Acknowledgements . . ix

1. Introduction . . 1
1. Problems with research on sexism . . 5
2. My theoretical position . . 22
3. Structure of the book . . 33

2. Overt sexism . . 35
1. Hate speech and sexism . . 38
2. Contexts of sexism . . 40
3. Types of overt sexism . . 41
4. Sexism, racism and homophobia . . 73

3. Language reform . . 77
1. Institutional language change . . 78
2. Strategies of reform . . 83
3. Effectiveness of reform . . 91
4. Responses to anti-sexist campaigns . . 97

4. 'Political correctness' . . 100
1. Development of the term 'political correctness' . . 106
2. 'Political incorrectness' . . 108
3. Anti-sexist campaigns and 'political correctness' . . 114
4. Model of 'political correctness' and anti-sexism . . 119

5. Indirect sexism . . 124
1. Language as a system . . 124
2. Stereotypes . . 126
3. Institutions and language . . 132
4. Indirect sexism . . 133
5. Types of indirect sexism . . 140
6. Challenging indirect sexism . . 152

6. Conclusions . . 154
1. Public sensitivity to issues of sexism . . 154
2. Why analyse sexism . . 155
3. Why reform matters . . 156
4. Should we accept sexism? . . 157

Bibliography . . 162
Index . . 174

Preface . . i
Foreword . . v
Acknowledgements . . vii

Chapter 1 Introduction . . 1
Chronology of Tadeusz Konwicki's Life . . 17

Chapter 2 Konwicki Settling Accounts with Romanticism . . 29
The Romantic Tradition . . 45

Chapter 3 Socialist Realism by the Priest and the Jester . . 61
The Priest and the Jester . . 68
Writing as a Priest . . 69
Writing as a Jester . . 82

Chapter 4 Searching for the Past and the Home . . 91
Homeland without a Home . . 103
"Suffering From memory" . . 119
In Search of the Past . . 126
Love and Death . . 134
The Other - The Polish Jew in the Borderlands . . 153

Preface . . vii
1 Introduction: When Poop Goes Primetime . . 1

Part I Rumor and Reputation in a Digital World
2 How the Free Flow of Information Liberates and Constrains Us . . 17
3 Gossip and the Virtues of Knowing Less . . 50
4 Shaming and the Digital Scarlet Letter . . 76

Part II Privacy, Free Speech, and the Law
5 The Role of Law . . 105
6 Free Speech, Anonymity, and Accountability . . 125
7 Privacy in an Overexposed World . . 161
8 Conclusion: The Future of Reputation . . 189

Notes . . 207
Index . . 237

Acknowledgements . . ix
1 The Glass Case . . 1

I CONTEXT
2 Secrecy and Security . . 27
3 Regime Change . . 51
4 Message Discipline . . 82
5 Soft States . . 107

II STRUCTURE
6 Opaque Networks . . 127
7 The Corporate Veil . . 150
8 Remote Control . . 171

III TECHNOLOGY
9 Liquid Paper . . 199

IV CONCLUSION
10 The End of the Story? . . 231

Notes . . 239
Index . . 303

Prefazione . . 11

INTRODUZIONE: E PRINCIPI GENERALI
Introduzione . . 17
1. I prìncipi generali dell'analisi del rischio chimico . . 22
2. Principi di tossicologia generale . . 28

PARTE I: TOSSICOLOGIA GENERALE
3. Cinetica, le leggi generali . . 37
4. Cinetica, l'assorbimento . . 48
5. Cinetica, la distribuzione . . 61
6. Cinetica, la biotrasformazione . . 67
7. Cinetica, l'eliminazione . . 75
8. La tossicodinamica, dose ed effetto . . 82
9. Tossicodinamica, l'interazione xenobiotico-organismo . . 101
10. Tossicodinamina, tossici con soglia e senza soglia . . 130

PARTE II: IL RISK ASSESSMENT
11. Il processo di definizione del rischio nella pratica lavorativa. L'identificazione dei pericoli . . 153
12. L'identificazione del pericolo e la doserisposta nella pratica del risk Assessment - Le fonti di informazione previste dalle norme . . 170
13. L'identificazione del pericolo e la doserisposta nella pratica del risk Assessment - Le fonti di informazione delle banche dati on-line . . 200
14. La quantificazione dell'esposizione. Le variabili legate al processo di lavoro . . 217
15. La quantificazione dell'esposizione. Le variabili legate al rapporto uomoambiente e le misure sull'uomo, ovvero il monitoraggio biologico . . 230
16. La definizione del rischio: la scelta dei valori di confronto . . 253

CONCLUSIONE: OLTRE LA TOSSICOLOGIA
17. Oltre il risk assessment. Il principio di precauzione . . 271

APPENDICI
A - Unit Risk e Slope Factor, OEHHA 2007 . . 287
B - REACH, indice . . 297
C - Frasi di rischio e consigli di prudenza . . 300
D - II Regolamento n. 1272/2008 (CLP) . . 306

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations . . xvii
Acknowledgements . . xix
Foreword . . xxi
EWEA Foreword . . xxiii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . 1
Part I: Technology . . 4
Part II: Grid Integration . . 8
Part III: The Economics of Wind Power . . 13
Part IV: Industry and Markets . . 19
Part V: Environment . . 24
Part VI: Scenarios and Targets . . 26

PART I: TECHNOLOGY . . 29
Chapter 1.1: Introduction . . 31
Chapter I.2: Wind Resource Estimation . . 32
Chapter I.3: Wind Turbine Technology . . 63
Chapter I.4: Wind Farm Design . . 94
Chapter I.5: Offshore . . 107
Chapter I.6: Small Wind Turbines . . 125
Chapter I.7: Research and Development . . 139
Part I Notes . . 151

PART II: GRID INTEGRATION . . 153
Chapter II.1: Setting the Scene . . 155
Chapter II.2: Wind Power Variability and Impacts on Power Systems . . 158
Chapter II.3: Design and Operation of European Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power . . 167
Chapter II.4: Grid Infrastructure Upgrade for Large-Scale Integration . . 173
Chapter II.5: Grid Connection Requirements . . 181
Chapter II.6: Wind Power's Contribution to System Adequacy . . 186
Chapter II.7: Economic Aspects: Integration Costs and Benefits . . 190
Part II Notes . . 196

PART III: THE ECONOMICS OF WIND POWER . . 197
Part III Introduction . . 199
Chapter III.1: Cost of On-Land Wind Power . . 200
Chapter III.2: Offshore Developments . . 212
Chapter III.3: Project Financing . . 221
Chapter III.4: Prices and Support Mechanisms . . 226
Chapter III.5: Wind Power on the Spot Market . . 239
Chapter III.6: Wind Power Compared to Conventional Power Generation . . 248
Chapter III.7: Employment . . 251
Part III Notes . . 258

PART IV: INDUSTRY AND MARKETS . . 259
Part IV Introduction . . 261
Chapter IV.1: Wind in the European Power Market . . 262
Chapter IV.2: European Market Overview . . 268
Chapter IV.3: Industry Actors and Investment Trends . . 279
Chapter IV.4: Global Wind Energy Markets . . 289
Chapter IV.5: Administrative and Grid Access Barriers: An Analysis of Existing EU Studies in the Field . . 298
Part IV Notes . . 305

PART V: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES . . 307
Part V Introduction . . 309
Chapter V.1: Environmental Benefits . . 311
Chapter V.2: Environmental Impacts . . 328
Chapter V.3: Policy Measures to Combat Climate Change . . 348
Chapter V.4: Externalities and Wind Compared to Other Techologies . . 365
Chapter V.5: Environmental Benefits of Wind Energy in Comparison to Remaining Electricity Generation Technologies . . 377
Chapter V.6: Social Acceptance of Wind Energy and Wind Farms . . 399
Part V Notes . . 411

PART VI: SCENARIOS AND TARGETS . . 413
Part VI Introduction . . 415
Chapter VI.1: Scenarios for the EU-27 . . 417
Chapter VI.2: Projecting Targets for the EU-27 up to 2030 . . 419
Chapter VI.3: Contribution of Wind Power to Electricity Generation and Generation Capacity in the EU-27 . . 425
Chapter VI.4: Costs and Benefits of Wind Development in the EU-27 . . 432
Chapter VI.5: Global Scenarios . . 439
Chapter VI.6: The 'Global Wind Energy Outlook' Scenarios . . 444
Part VI Notes . . 450

APPENDICES . . 451
Appendix A: Onshore Wind Maps . . 452
Appendix B: Offshore Wind Speeds Modelled in 'Study of Offshore Wind Energy in the EC' . . 462
Appendix C: Worked Example for Culliagh Wind Farm, Ireland . . 469
Appendix D: Detailed Description of Correlation Techniques . . 483
Appendix E: SWT Manufacturers and Their Models . . 485
Appendix F: Current National and European R&D . . 489
Appendix G: Transmission Systems in Europe . . 500
Appendix H: Basics Concerning the Operation and Balancing of Power Systems . . 501
Appendix I: Detailed Country Reports . . 504
Appendix J: Studies on Employment Creation in the Wind Energy Sector . . 526

Glossary . . 529
References . . 541
Index . . 557

Preface to the second edition . . vii
Preface to the first edition . . ix
Notes on Contributors . . xxiii
List of tables . . xxv
List of figures . . xxvii
Introduction . . 1

PART I PRACTICE AND POLITICS IN CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
1 The process of criminological research . . 13
2 The politics of criminological research . . 45

PART II THEORY, DATA, AND TYPES OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
3 The relationship between theory and empirical observations in criminology . . 75
4 In search of causes and explanations of crime . . 117
5 Doing evaluation research in criminology . . 141
6 Doing criminological research in ethnically and culturally diverse contexts . . 171
7 International comparative research in criminology . . 199

PART III RESEARCH ON CRIME, CRIMINALS, AND VICTIMS
8 Researching the state of crime . . 231
9 Researching 'street criminals' in the fielcha neglected art? . . 263
10 Mission impossible? Researching organized crime . . 291
11 Researching victims . . 315

PART IV RESEARCH ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS
12 Police research . . 343
13 Research on the criminal courts . . 375
14 Research on community penalties . . 399
15 Doing research in prisons . . 431

PART V SOME RECENT CASE STUDIES
16 Cybercrime and online methodologies . . 455
17 Ethnographic research and the licensing courts . . 473
18 An embedded multimethod approach to prison research . . 487
19 Researching bullying in the classroom . . 501

Index . . 515

List of figures . . x
Conventions . . xv
Chronological table . . xvi
Map . . xvii

PROLOGUE
1 Visual, written, decorum . . 3

WRITTEN CULTURE
2 Literacy and ancient Egyptian society . . 33
3 Four notes on literacy . . 63
4 Literacy, social organization, and the archaeological record: the case of early Egypt . . 95
5 Writing and society in early Egypt . . 117
6 Orality and literacy. Appendix: Updates to Chapters 2-5; comparative studies . . 170
7 Ancient Egyptian concepts and uses of the past: third to second millennium evidence . . 179

VISUAL CULTURE
8 Introductory note . . 205
9 Theories and universals of representation: Heinrich Schafer and Egyptian art . . 207
10 Schafer's mottoes and the understanding of representation . . 236
11 Colour terminology and colour classification: ancient Egyptian colour terminology and polychromy . . 240
12 Stone and other materials: usages and values . . 263
13 Communication and display: the integration of early Egyptian art and writing . . 281
14 On the status and purposes of ancient Egyptian art . . 298

References . . 338
Index . . 407