List of Illustrations . . ix
Acknowledgments . . xi

Introduction . . 1
1. Early Modern Globalization and the Origins of Tobacco in China, 1550-1650 . . 15
2. The Expansion of Chinese Tobacco Production, Consumption, and Trade, 1600-1750 . . 34
3. Learning to Smoke Chinese-Style, 1644-1750 . . 61
4. Tobacco in Ming-Qing Medical Culture . . 88
5. The Fashionable Consumption of Tobacco, 1750-1900 . . 110
6. The Emergence of the Chinese Cigarette Industry, 1880-1937 . . 131
7. Socially and Spatially Differentiated Tobacco Consumption during the Nanjing Decade, 1927-1937 . . 149
8. The Urban Cigarette and the Pastoral Pipe: Literary Representations of Smoking in Republican China . . 178
9. New Women, Modern Girls, and the Decline of Female Smoking in China, 1900-1976 . . 199
Epilogue: Tobacco in the People's Republic of China, 1949-2010 . . 240

Notes . . 255
Works Cited . . 291
Index . . 319