Maps and Tables . . x
Acknowledgments . . xi
Abbreviations . . xv
Glossary . . xvii

Introduction . . 1

THE CHALLENGE: UNEQUAL CITIZENSHIP 
1 Comparative Perspectives on Citizen Creation in Africa . . 19
2 The Historical Context for Modern Ethiopian Citizenship . . 44

THE RESPONSE: THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENS 
3 Popular Responses to Unequal Citizenship . . 91
4 A Referendum on Ethnic Identity and the Claims of Citizenship . . 120
5 No Going Back on Self-Determination for the Oromo . . 139
6 Ethiopian Women and Citizenship Rights Deferred Conclusion . . 192

Appendix I Methodology . . 205
Appendix II Questionnaire for Parents and Community Members (English) . . 210
Appendix III Questionnaire for School Directors . . 214
Appendix IV Questionnaire for Teachers . . 217
Bibliography . . 221
Index . . 243