FOREWORD . . ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . xii
INTRODUCTION . . xiv

IPY HISTORIES AND LEGACIES
Advancing Polar Research and Communicating Its Wonders: Quests, Questions, and Capabilities of Weather and Climate Studies in International Polar Years . . 1
Cooperation at the Poles? Placing the First International Polar Year in the Context of Nineteenth-Century Scientific Exploration and Collaboration . . 13
The Policy Process and the International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958 . . 23
Preserving the Origins of the Space Age: The Material Legacy of the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) at the National Air and Space Museum . . 35
From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10,000-Foot Runways in Antarctica: Lessons from Historic Archaeology . . 49

CULTURAL STUDIES
"Of No Ordinary Importance": Reversing Polarities in Smithsonian Arctic Studies . . 61
Yup'ik Eskimo Contributions to Arctic Research at the Smithsonian . . 79
Smithsonian Contributions to Alaskan Ethnography: The First IPY Expedition to Barrow, 1881-1883 . . 89
The Art of Inupiaq Whaling: Elders' Interpretations of International Polar Year Ethnological Collections . . 99
From Tent to Trading Post and Back Again: Smithsonian Anthropology in Nunavut, Nunavik, Nitassinan, and Nunatsiavut—The Changing IPY Agenda, 1882-2007 . . 115
"The Way We See It Coming": Building the Legacy of Indigenous Observations in IPY 2007-2008 . . 129

SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF POLAR ORGANISMS
Species Diversity and Distributions of Pelagic Calanoid Copepods from the Southern Ocean . . 143
Brooding in Species Diversity in the Southern Ocean: Selection for Brooders or Speciation within Brooding Clades? . . 181
Persistent Elevated Abundance of Octopods in an Overfished Antarctic Area . . 197
Cold Comfort: Systematics and Biology of Antarctic Bryozoans . . 205
Considerations of Anatomy, Morphology, Evolution, and Function for Narwhal Dentition . . 223

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF UNDER-ICE RESEARCH
Scientific Diving Under Ice: A 40-Year Bipolar Research Tool . . 241
Environmental and Molecular Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Invertebrates . . 253
Milestones in the Study of Diving Physiology: Antarctic Emperor Penguins and Weddell Seals . . 265
Interannual and Spatial Variability in Light Attenuation: Evidence from Three Decades of Growth in the Arctic Kelp,
Laminaria solidungula . . 271
Life under Antarctic Pack Ice: A Krill Perspective . . 285

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND POLAR MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Inhibition of Phytoplankton and Bacterial Productivity by Solar Radiation in the Ross Sea Polynya . . 299
Southern Ocean Primary Productivity: Variability and a View to the Future . . 309
Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Cycling during a Ross Sea Phaeocystis antarctica Bloom . . 319
Capital Expenditure and Income (Foraging) during Pinniped Lactation: The Example of the Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) . . 335
Latitudinal Patterns of Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: A Polar Perspective . . 347

POLAR ASTRONOMY: OBSERVATIONAL COSMOLOGY
Cosmology from Antarctica . . 359
Feeding the Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way: AST/RO Observations . . 370
HEAT: The High Elevation Antarctic Terahertz Telescope . . 373
Watching Star Birth from the Antarctic Plateau . . 381
Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the Solar System from the Ice . . 387

INDEX . . 395