Acknowledgments . . 7

Introduction: Towards a Connected History of the Qazaq Steppe . . 9
The Yasavi Presence in the Dasht-i Qipchaq from the 16th to 18th Century . . 27 
Notes on the Yasaviya and Naqshbandiya in Western Siberia in the 17th-Early 20th Centuries . . 69
The Changing Religious Orientation of Qazaq Intellectuals in the Tsarist Period: Shari'a, Secularism, and Ethics . . 95
The Qazaq Steppe and Islamic Administrative Exceptionalism: A Comparison with Buddhism Among Buriats . . 119
Qazaq Religious Beliefs in the Writings of Russian Doctors during the Imperial Age (1731-1917) . . 143
Disadvantaged Neophytes of the Privileged Religion: Why Qazaqs Did Not Become Christians . . 181
Sufis, Scholars, and Divanas of the Qazaq Middle Horde in the Works of Mashhur Zhusip Kopeyuli . . 213
Shari'a for the Bolsheviks? Fatvas on Land Reform in Early Soviet Central Asia . . 233
Correcting Transgressions in the House of Islam: Yang Zengxin's Buguozhai wendu on Xinjiang's Muslims . . 267
Interpreting an Insurgency in Soviet Kazakhstan: The OGPU, Islam and Qazaq "Clans" in Suzak, 1930 . . 297

Index . . 341