Preface . . xix
Introduction . . xxiii
The Author . . xxix

SECTION I INTRODUCTION TO CATASTROPHIC PLANNING AND RESPONSE 

Chapter 1 The Definition and History of Catastrophes . . 3
1.1 Learning Objectives . . 3
1.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 3
1.3 Definition of Catastrophe . . 4
1.4 Continuum of Magnitude . . 7
1.5 Brief Examples of Historical Catastrophes . . 10
1.6 Potential Catastrophe Effects on U.S. Emergency Management . . 14
1.7 Culture and Definitions of Catastrophe . . 14
1.8 The Big Picture . . 17
1.9 Discussion Questions . . 18
References . . 18

Chapter 2 How Catastrophes Differ from Disasters . . 19
2.1 Learning Objectives . . 19
2.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 19
2.3 Overview . . 20
2.4 Introduction to Catastrophe Response Planning . . 23 
2.5 Past and Future Catastrophes: Their Etiologies and Challenges . . 25
2.6 Potential Future Catastrophes . . 43
2.7 Factors Common in Catastrophes . . 48
2.8 Discussion Questions . . 50
References . . 50

I Conclusion . . 53

SECTION II ETHICAL, POLITICAL, AND LEGAL ISSUES 

Chapter 3 Ethics . . 59
3.1 Learning Objectives . . 59
3.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 59
3.3 An Introduction to Catastrophic Ethics . . 60
3.4 Defining Ethics . . 61
3.5 Ethical Duties Related to Professional Roles . . 66 
3.6 The Moral Community: How It Is Defined in Terms of Catastrophic Response and Readiness . . 68 
3.7 Competing Ethical Theories and Frameworks . . 69
3.8 Utilitarian Catastrophic Response . . 70
3.9 Deontological Perspectives: Duties and Principles to Govern Catastrophic Planning and Response . . 68
3.10 Environmental Ethics . . 76
3.11 Virtue Ethics and Catastrophic Response . . 77 
3.12 Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Ethical Dilemmas . . 79
3.13 Discussion Questions . . 80
References . . 80

Chapter 4 Political and Legal Issues . . 83
4.1 Learning Objectives . . 83
4.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 83
4.3 Overview . . 85
4.4 FEMA Comprehensive Preparedness Guide . . 85
4.5 The National Incident Management System (NIMS) . . 88
4.6 The National Response Framework (NRF) . . 89 
4.7 Principles of Federalism and Exceptions to Federalism . . 92
4.8 Intergovernmental Collaboration: A Cornerstone of Effective Catastrophic Planning and Response . . 95 
4.9 Federal Government Plans for Catastrophe Readiness and Response . . 100
4.10 Ensuring Enduring Federal and State Constitutional Governments . . 103
4.11 Local Government Comprehensive Emergency Response Plans . . 109
4.12 The Political Structure of the U.S. Emergency Management System . . 110
4.13 Use of National Guard or Other Military Forces in Catastrophe Response . . 114
4.14 Potential Federal System Breakdowns in Hypothetical Future Catastrophic Events . . 116
4.15 State Government Legal Powers during a Catastrophe . . 119
4.16 State Legal Protection Laws for Volunteers . . 121
4.17 Political Implications of Catastronhes at Various Governmental and Political Levels . . 125
4.18 Legal Issues Involving Governmental Powers for Catastrophe Response and Reconstruction . . 128 
4.19 Political and Legal Change That Can Result from Catastrophes . . 130
4.20 Challenges of Interjurisdictional Partnerships . . 136 
4.21 Discussion Questions . . 138
Further Readings . . 140
References . . 140

II Conclusion . . 143

SECTION III OPERATIONAL ISSUES 

Chapter 5 Logistics . . 149
5.1 Learning Objectives . . 149
5.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 149
5.3 Overview . . 149
5.4 The Concept of Convergence . . 150
5.5 Logistics in Disasters Compared to Catastrophes . . 151
5.6 Challenges to Critical Resource Provision . . 155
5.7 Social and Cultural Context . . 159
5.8 Discussion Questions . . 162
References . . 162

Chapter 6 Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources (CI/KR) . . 165 
6.1 Learning Objectives . . 165
6.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 165
6.3 Introduction . . 166
6.4 Overview of Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CI/KR) . . 166
6.5 CI/KR Protection . . 167
6.6 Effects of a Catastrophe on Infrastructure . . 169 
6.7 Critical Infrastructure Needs of Responders . . 172
6.8 Prioritization of Restoration of Critical Infrastructure . . 173
6.9 Discussion Questions . . 174
Further Readings . . 175

Chapter 7 Mass Care: Public Health . . 177
7.1 Learning Objectives . . 177
7.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 177
7.3 Introduction . . 178
7.4 Basic Vocabulary . . 178
7.5 Infectious Disease Vocabulary . . 180
7.6 Disease Control Mechanisms . . 182
7.7 Catastrophes and Public Health . . 183
7.8 Public Health Priorities . . 187
7.9 Infrastructure and Support Needed for Public Health . . 187
7.10 Role of Surge Capacity Planning in Catastrophes . . 187
7.10 Role of Surge Capacity Planning in Catastrophes . . 190
7.11 Emergency Management: Public Health Collaboration in Catastrophes . . 191
7.12 Discussion Questions . . 192
References . . 192

Chapter 8 Mass Evacuation and Relocation . . 195
8.1 Learning Objectives . . 195
8.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 195
8.3 Introduction . . 196
8.4 Defining Mass Relocation . . 197
8.5 Complexity and Causation . . 199
8.6 Understanding Mass Relocation . . 200
8.7 Historic Perspective of Catastrophes and Mass Relocation . . 202
8.8 Global Climate Changes and Mass Relocation . . 208 
8.9 Defining the Displaced . . 210
8.10 Human Rights Dimensions of Mass Relocation . . 211
8.11 Mass Relocation and the Legal Status of the Displaced . . 212
8.12 Identifying the Potentially Displaced . . 214
8.13 Mass Relocation as Mitigation . . 215
8.14 Social Vulnerability . . 216
8.15 Demographic Movement . . 217
8.16 Continua of Displacement . . 218
8.17 Displacement and Loss . . 220
8.18 Involuntary Displacement and Recovery . . 223
8.19 Resettlement . . 224
8.20 Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model . . 228
8.21 Responsible Agencies in Mass Relocation . . 230 
8.22 Resettlement Action Plan . . 231
8.23 The Near Future . . 234
8.24 Discussion Questions . . 234
References . . 235

III Conclusion . . 239

SECTION IV PLANNING STRATEGIES AND SKILLS: RESPONSE, RECOVERY, AND RECONSTRUCTION 

Chapter 9 Response Planning . . 245
9.1 Learning Objectives . . 245
9.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 245
9.3 Risk Management System for Catastrophe Response . . 246
9.4 Importance of Flexibility in Catastrophe Response . . 250
9.5 Strategic Thinking with Regard to Catastrophe Response . . 251
9.6 U.S. Catastrophic Response Assistance . . 254
9.7 Planning Needs for Management of Voluntary Responders . . 260
9.8 Methods of Integrating International Responders into the Response Effort . . 261
9.9 Systemic Differences between Disasters and Catastrophes . . 263
9.10 Integration Strategies . . 264
9.11 Planning Issues Related to Managing of Mass Casualties . . 264
9.12 Planning Issues Related to Managing Mass Fatalities . . 270
9.13 Myths About Planning for Catastrophes . . 272
9.14 Discussion Questions . . 273
References . . 273

Chapter 10 Recovery and Reconstruction Planning . . 277
10.1 Learning Objectives . . 277
10.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 277
10.3 Overview . . 278
10.4 Issues Faced Following a Catastrophe . . 278
10.5 Defining Catastrophe Recovery . . 279
10.6 Elements of Recovery . . 280
10.7 Catastrophic Recovery Process . . 283
10.8 Stakeholders and Their Roles in Recovery . . 285 
10.9 U.S. Disaster/Catastrophic Recovery Assistance Framework . . 293
10.10 FEMA's Environmental Planning and Historic Preservation (EHP) Program . . 298
10.11 Rules and Understanding of Local Needs . . 298
10.12 Timing of Catastrophic Assistance . . 299
10.13 Horizontal and Vertical Integration . . 301
10.14 Catastrophe Recovery Planning . . 303
10.15 Catastrophic Recovery Plan . . 309
10.16 Discussion Questions . . 310
References . . 310

IV Conclusion . . 313

SECTION V ESSENTIAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS FOR SUCCESSFUL CATASTROPHE MANAGEMENT 

Chapter 11 Essential Leadership Skills for Successful Catastrophe Management . . 317
11.1 Learning Objectives . . 317
11.2 Key Terms and Phrases . . 318
11.3 Overview . . 318
11.4 Introduction . . 318
11.5 The Need for Skilled Crisis Leaders . . 324
11.6 Defining/Measuring Crises . . 324
11.7 Organizational Crisis Scenarios . . 325
11.8 Defining Leadership . . 326
11.9 Leadership's Role in a Crisis . . 334
11.10 Preparing for Crisis . . 336
11.11 Leading during a Crisis . . 337
11.12 Recovery and Rebuilding . . 337
11.13 What Leaders Can Do to Take Care of Themselves during a Crisis . . 338
11.14 Discussion Questions . . 339
References . . 339

V Conclusion . . 341

Epilogue . . 343

Index . . 345